lbs project report

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LOCATION-BASED INFORMATION FOR ENTERPRISE-WIDE IMPROVEMENTS

By

KALYANI SUNKI REDDY

CHADDA SHRAVANI

A Thesis

Submitted to the

Graduate Faculty

of

Virginia International Universityin Partial Fulfillment of

The Requirements for the Degree

of

MASTERS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE (MCS)

Committee:

___________________________________________ Director

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________ Department Chairperson

___________________________________________ Provost

Date:_6/21/2010 SUMMERI 2010

Virginia International University

Fairfax, VA.


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A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of

Science at Virginia International University

By

KALYANI SUNKI REDDY

CHADDA SHRAVANI

MCS, Virginia International University

Director: Dr. JOHN C. SEES

SUMMERI 2010

Virginia International University

Fairfax, VA


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ABSTRACT


by

KALYANI SUNKI REDDY

CHADDA SHRAVANI

Virginia International University, SUMMER1 2010

Thesis Director: DR. JOHN C.SEES

This thesis describes the vulnerabilities and benefits of using Location-based information in

business context and the improvement in the business performance. This thesis starts withidentifying the vulnerabilities and benefits of LBS at business context for security based

companies like Department of homeland security, civil, military, public safety, and that the unit

of analysis to determine the usage of LBS in the improvement of business process at enterprise-

wide level. This thesis discusses various applications related to navigational devices in the

security related companies. This thesis also discusses the usage of location based information to

market existing products, companies successfully marketing LBS products and services to

mobile customers, and the LBI in efficiently scheduling and managing resources to get the right

products and services to the customer.


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ABSTRACT

Location-based services (LBS) are the most popular services at present and in the future world.

LBS provide added value by enabling many services like resource tracking, navigation,

emergency services, public safety, weather, I-Phone applications, etc. Identifying and assessing

the benefits and vulnerabilities of LBS in a business context is often problematic.

This paper starts with identifying the vulnerabilities and benefits of LBS at business context for

security based companies like Department of homeland security, civil, military, public safety,and that the unit of analysis to determine the usage of LBS in the improvement of business

process at enterprise-wide level. An explanatory case study approach is used to identify the

vulnerabilities and benefits of LBS at the level of the business process. This paper discusses

various applications related to navigational devices in the security related companies.

This paper illustrates that benefits and vulnerabilities impact the business process improvement

at enterprise-wide level. This paper also discusses the usage of location based information to

market existing products, companies successfully marketing LBS products and services to mobile

customers, and the LBI in efficiently scheduling and managing resources to get the right



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INTRODUCTION

Location based service is one of the most important technological innovation in todays world

as it contributes a lot in bringing changes in society. LBS is primarily based on users location

to provide other value added services by means of a wireless device functioning through

common cellular network or radio stations. On one hand it has a large implication on both

society and economy in terms of a good communication network as a tracking device but on

the other hand the information of users can be misused thereby raising the issues of security

both for the point of view of personal privacy and national security. Till now it has left a wide-

ranging impact on society and business as a whole.[1]. Tracking and monitoring individuals,

children and thieves and its uses in the law enforcement by police really has good implication

on the society. In case of business as a vehicle tracking device or asset tracking component,

LBS technology acts as a catalysts in the growth of industries especially telecommunication

and transportation. LBS is one of the most exciting development in the telecom industry and

with the innovation of other positioning services having excellent ability to locate the position

of the user have both pros and cons. As LBS is present and used all around the world with

interoperability it becomes necessary to deal with all privacy and security issues.

Sees Analytics, LLC, is a single employee analytical studies firm. Founded in 2008, this firm

investigates interesting problems on commission basis. One of the areas of interest for the firm

is incorporating location-based information to improve business processes. Sees Analytics

determined that an opportunity exists to investigate this research opportunity and hired our

team to investigate the vulnerabilities and benefits of using location-based information to

improve business processes (increase profits, reduce costs and efficiently use resources ).


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Specifically, the requirements of this effort are to research the benefits and risks to a company

considering using LBI. These benefits and risks should be viewed at the enterprise-wide level.

The results of this effort should be a detailed written report on the research efforts and

recommendations for future research.

Identifying and assessing the benefits of LBS in a business context is often problematic. This

paper starts with identifying the vulnerabilities and benefits of LBS at business context for

security based companies like Department of homeland security, civil, military, public safety,

and that the unit of analysis to determine the usage of LBS in the improvement of business

process at enterprise-wide level. An explanatory case study approach is used to identify the

vulnerabilities and benefits of LBS at the level of the business process. This paper discusses

various applications related to navigational devices in the security related companies. This

paper illustrates that benefits and vulnerabilities impact the business process improvement at

enterprise-wide level. This paper also discusses the usage of location based information to

market existing products, companies successfully marketing LBS products and services to

mobile customers, and the LBI in efficiently scheduling and managing resources to get the right


OVERVIEW OF LOCATION-BASED INFORMATION

Our national infrastructure has become dependent on location based services in several ways,

many of which typically go unnoticed. Figure 1 shows many of the broad categories of LBI

usage.[1]. The obvious applications center on navigation, which includes aviation, automobile,

maritime, and rail control. LBI provides enhanced position and navigation accuracy that enables

efficiency and safety on a large scale, in addition to advanced services such as stolen vehicle


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recovery. First responders, such as search and rescue teams and paramedics, are among the most

visible users of LBI accuracy for critical public services.

FIGURE 1: VARIOUS LBI APPLICATIONS[2]

All the security based companies like Department of homeland security, civil, public safety, navy

and private sectors have played important roles in developing LBI technology and driving

innovation. [2].Originally, the U.S. government developed location based information device

GPS as a three-dimensional all-weather navigation system that consolidated earlier Navy and Air

Force navigation efforts. Since becoming fully operational, GPS has consistently been proven as

an effective force enhancer to the U.S. military and allies.[2]. GPS is now required on all U.S.

systems and is a recognized NATO standard. Because of this GPS reliance, the military has been

at the forefront of developing the technology to preserve GPS services in an area of operation

where enemy electronic interference is likely to be present. They have produced the solutions

that make military navigation systems so much more robust than their civilian counterparts.


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Unfortunately, overall the military is a minority user of GPS by a wide margin, with current

estimates at less than 1% of all known LBI applications, Figure 2.

FIGURE2: PI-CHART OF LBI APPLICATIONS

BUSINESS PROCESS IMPROVEMENT USING LBI

The business value of location-based information like other applications of information

technology is typically hard to evaluate in isolation. There is general consensus that the value

needs to be assessed in conjunction with the business process that is affected or enabled by the

technology .[7].The concept of business process has been used in a large number of contexts and

for far different purposes. An underlying assumption often adopted is that business processes can

be improved through the adoption and integration of new technology. Indeed, a number of

measurements and indicators connected to the performance of business processes have been

identified in former research efforts. For example, the EU Cebusnet project[7] distinguishes


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between generic performance indicators and dedicated ones. Dedicated indicators are closely

connected to specific business processes whereas generic can be generalized along a larger

number of processes. Some of the generic indicators identified in the project are customer

satisfaction , effectiveness , efficiency , lead-time and flexibility (Seibt et al. 1997).[7].

A research framework based on the elements described above was developed to guide the field

study and the data collection of this study, cf. Yin (1994, p. 28). This blueprint for our case

studies is depicted in Figure 1. The diagram expresses the notion that both business processes

and location based services together determine the vulnerabilities and benefits that are derivedfrom LBI. These benefits, in turn, may impact business process performance.

FIGURE3: Preliminary research framework to study the case

BENEFITS AND VULNERABILITIES OF USING LBI

As any technology has typically both positive and negative effects on individuals or society as

a whole but its positive values can be considered as it creates wider opportunities for the society


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and individual. However, its pros and cons can vary from person to person and company to

company according to their uses. So its upon the customer to decide whether to use LBS or not

by knowing both its advantages and disadvantages.

Benefits of Using LBI in Security based companies:

Many LBI applications benefit from GPS signals, using one or more of three basic componentsof the GPS[2]:

1. Absolute location,

2. Relative movement

3. Time transfer.

y N avigation: GPS allows soldiers to find objectives, even in the dark or in unfamiliar

territory, and to coordinate the movement of troops and supplies. Commanders use the

Commanders Digital Assistant and lower ranks use the Soldier Digital Assistant .

y Target tracking : Various military weapons systems use GPS to track potential ground and

air targets before they are flagged as hostile. These weapon systems pass GPS co-ordinates of targets to precision-guided munitions to allow them to engage the targets

accurately. Military aircraft, particularly in air-to-ground roles, use GPS to find targets

(for example, gun camera video from AH-1 Cobras in Iraq show GPS co-ordinates that

can be looked up in Google Earth).

y M issile and projectile guidance: GPS allows accurate targeting of various military

weapons including ICBMs, cruise missiles and precision-guided munitions. Artillery

projectiles with embedded GPS receivers able to withstand accelerations of 12 000 g or

about 118 km/s 2 have been developed for use in 155 mm howitzers.

y Search and Rescue : Downed pilots can be located faster if they know their position.


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y Reconnaissance and M ap Creation : The military use GPS extensively to aid mapping and

reconnaissance.

y Absolute Location : The ability to determine the receiver's absolute location allows GPS

receivers to perform as a surveying tool or as an aid to navigation. The capacity to

determine relative movement enables a receiver to calculate local velocity and

orientation, useful in vessels or observations of the Earth. An example is CDMA digital

cellular telephony: each base station has a GPS timing receiver to synchronize its

spreading codes with other base stations to facilitate inter-cell handoff and support hybrid

GPS/CDMA positioning of mobile telephones for emergency calls and other applications.[5].

y E arths E nvironment : GPS enables researchers to explore the Earth environment

including the atmosphere, ionosphere and gravity field. GPS survey equipment has

revolutionized tectonics by directly measuring the motion of faults in earthquakes.

y O ptical Sensors : The GPS satellites also carry a set of nuclear detonation detectors

consisting of an optical sensor (Y-sensor), an X-ray sensor, a dosimeter, and an

electromagnetic pulse (EMP) sensor (W-sensor) which form a major portion of the

United States Nuclear Detonation Detection System.

y The U.S. Government controls the export of some civilian receivers. All GPS receivers

capable of functioning above 18 km (60,000 ft) altitude and 515 m/s (1,000 knots) are

classified as munitions (weapons) for which U.S. State Department export licenses are

required. These limits are clearly chosen to prevent use of a receiver in a ballistic missile;

they would not prevent use in a cruise missile since their altitudes and speeds are similar

to those of ordinary aircraft.


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y G PS tours : GPS tours are another example of civilian use. The GPS is used to determine

which content to display; for instance, when approaching a point of interest, information

about it is displayed.

y E mergency Services: GPS functionality is supported by many mobile phones. The first

handsets with integrated GPS were launched in the late 1990s and became available to

consumers on networks such as those run by Nextel, Sprint and Verizon in 2002 in

response to U.S. FCC mandates for handset positioning in emergency calls. Capabilities

for access by third-party software developers to these features were provided more

slowly, with Nextel opening up those APIs upon launch to any developer, Sprintfollowing in 2006, and Verizon soon thereafter.

y V ehicle tracking systems and G PS Pet Tracking devices use the same network of

satellites to locate a vehicle or a pet. These devices are normally attached to the vehicle,

or the collar of the pet, at all times. A GPS system will then offer 24/7 tracking via

mobile or Internet updates. Such systems may use either a dedicated radio frequency or a

cell-phone network to transmit location information.[4].

In short, Location-based services added value by enabling services such as[6]:

y Resource tracking with dynamic distribution

Taxis, service people, rental equipment, doctors, fleet scheduling

y Resource tracking

Objects without privacy controls, using passive sensors or RF tags, such as packages

and train boxcars

y Finding someone or something


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Person by skill (doctor), business directory, navigation, weather, traffic, room

schedules, stolen phone, emergency 911

y Proximity-based notification (push or pull)

Targeted advertising, buddy list, common profile matching (dating), automatic airport

check-in

y Proximity-based actuation (push or pull)

Payment based upon proximity (EZ pass, toll watch)

Vulnerabilities of using LBI in security based companies :LBI vulnerabilities can be exploited in three ways: through

(1) Unintentional interference,

(2) Intentional interference, and

(3) Human factors problems.

U nintentional interference includes common radio frequency interference, ionospheric

interference, and other interference relating to spectrum congestion.

Intentional interference includes jamming and spoofing, or the broadcast of counterfeit signals.

Human factors problems include user equipment limitations and GPS space vehicle anomalies,

lack of user training, and general over-reliance on the technology.


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We know from recent conflicts and working closely with our allies that worldwide militaries

already possess the ability to broadcast GPS jamming signals from existing military equipment,

ranging from KWatt to MWatt output, which certainly exceeds the required picowatt of power.

However, a common by-product of broadcasting at such high power is a significant

electromagnetic signature that is easy to detect and locate, so these emitters are not considered a

probable operational threat, at least not for very long.

Of course, j amming by means of higher signal power is not the only way to potentially interfere

with GPS. The fact that civilian GPS currently operates on a single frequency with a well-known

signal structure affords the possibility of denying GPS accuracy through other potential

disruption mechanisms. One technique, known as spoofing , involves the broadcast of a

counterfeit GPS signal designed to provide false navigation information to the user. This

technique is technically feasible, as the civilian C/A-code is short, well-known, and already

widely available on a number of GPS signal generators.

Another technique, referred to as meaconing , involves capturing actual GPS transmissions and

rebroadcasting them after a short delay. This technique could act similar to a spoofer without


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having to generate a false code. This interference strategy received renewed interest when a

German company applied for a patent on the technique and consequently documented proposed

employment scenarios. The possible effects of spoofing or meaconing are analogous to the

effects of computer viruses, where a computer unknowingly processes malicious code and then

demonstrates effects long after the virus transmission source is discontinued. As such, a GPS

receiver could appear to be adversely affected long after a spoofer or meaconer has been actively

broadcasting. Unfortunately for the civil GPS user, there is currently no off-the-shelf device that

can protect a user from these possible effects.

Again, the military is leading the way when it comes to reducing vulnerabilities to their

applications. Many government test organizations, including the 746th Test Squadron, have

tested many of these technologies and have measured significant anti-jam protection, but so far

little of it has transitioned into commercial applications. Some of the reasons for this relate

directly to the GPS architecture that provides military users with an encrypted GPS signal

offering increased anti-jam protection, but other reasons are cost-related.

Many of the anti-jam solutions implemented by the military use specialized antenna electronics

and hardware to reduce the effects of jammers, but the size and cost of these systems generally

arent considered practical for most commercial applications. In the meantime, the U.S.

Government is pursuing alternative solutions that will yield further improvements to anti-jam

performance benefiting both military and civilian GPS users. Most significantly, the GPS Joint

Program Office is working to modify the GPS architecture such that civilian users would have

free access to three satellite signals. This will take some time to implement: the second signal


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wont be available before 2008, and the third is not expected before 2012. Also, the advent of

micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) affords the possibility of embedding small inertial

navigation sensors inside a GPS antenna to help improve a systems anti-jam performance.

MEMS technology is not adequate to support this yet, but the cost, size, and performance of

these devices continue to improve significantly. Government test organizations have been very

active in evaluating MEMS technology for this type of application.

We know from previous discussion GPS has inherent vulnerabilities and there are threats, both

intentional and unintentional, which can exploit these vulnerabilities. Considering the knownvulnerabilities with the potential threats yields a probability of loss or degradation to a GPS

signal to a particular application. Once this is known, one must weigh that probability against the

consequences of the loss or degradation. This will establish a risk assessment, which if

considered low may possibly be ignored. If it is considered high, then appropriate risk

management techniques will need to be employed to reduce the risk to an appropriate level.

Issues with LBI(Internal and external):

There are many internal and external issues in the usage of LBI applications to the firm. When

is the person permitted to monitor someone by using LBS? Should the concern persons consent

is necessary? What about individual right and personal autonomy? What kinds of evidences are

required to monitor a person? These are some of the questions that need to be answered before

using LBS as monitoring a person can have psychological effect on the person being monitored.

In case of monitoring criminals or suspects by police or security agencies the question of

individual freedom came, as enforcing someones freedom is not at all ethical when the person

is only suspected of committing the crime[8].


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Here in the following paragraph we will focus light on some of most vital issues considering the

risks and benefits at both the internal and external applications to the firm:

y Control (Legal) Commonly GPS and other LBS devices are used to control and offer

various types of services to the user. Personally it controls ones own direction of

moving in guiding the right way. In case of child tracking, parents have exclusive right

to look after their children, as it is not possible for the young ones to make their own

decision. So it is their legal right to monitor their children thereby reflecting a sense of

caring. In case of law enforcement, special laws provide legal rights to police or securitydepartments to keep an eye on criminals or suspects.

y Trust (Social) In social life trust is the most essential part in human relationship.

However, the use of LBS is being practiced in low trust conditions. Monitoring

someone with the help of tracking system really affects personal relationship but as far

as tracking criminals by cops or tracking children by parents are concerned, it is for the

welfare of the individual & society.

y Privacy (Ethical) As a human being, everyone has the right to privacy or being free

from intrusion or disturbances in ones personal life. But in case of LBS or any other

telecommunication technologies dealing with transformation of various kinds of

information, it becomes essential to provide adequate security to these kinds of data for

not being misused by any unauthorized person. Tracking and monitoring someone

without his/her consent is purely unethical so needs high level of security. But again as

in case of law and order where tracking devices are used to monitor criminals becomes


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essential for the sake of society as a whole. Here, social security is counted higher than

Individual safety and security.

y Security (Technological) Again for maintaining privacy, security system should be

strong. Every technology has both positive and negative impact on human life and LBS

also has shortcomings by locating accurate information data or even easily given access

to unauthorized person. On one hand LBS enhances both national and personal security

but create another problem for the privacy of individual by not providing a foolproof

security system to that highly sensitive information stored in its database. For obtaining

security, one needs to do a little compromise on his/her privacy but to what extent is aquestion.

y All four are mutually exclusive as control decreases trust, trust enhances privacy, which

needs security, and security again increases control.

y The Global Positioning System, while originally a military project is considered a dual-

use technology, meaning it has significant military and civilian applications.

DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

The case focuses on a specific business process and the complementary LBI technology. In this

section, we will study what they have in common. This will be done along the lines of the

propositions that we have derived from the case studies. We considered an explanatory case

study approach to determine the business process impact by taking the following proposition and

the case studies.

P roposition 1

The usage of location-based technology impacts business process improvement.


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In the cases we studied, Location based information is applied for the purpose of coordination.

The vulnerabilities and benefits of LBI definitely impact the business process. The following

examples depict the reasons for the case study.

Case 1 :. Location-based information to market existing products

LBS technology acts as a catalysts in the growth of industries especially telecommunication and

transportation . Location Services are ideally suited for use in major, capital-intensive industries

such as healthcare, logistics, manufacturing industry, telecommunications, public safety, car

navigation, distribution and transport, or facilities management and retail. Why? Because its in

these industries, that the compound efficiencies really deliver bottom-line benefits. How can aLocation Service help deliver results for these organizations? Broadly speaking, Location

Services work as a business tool because they provide the capability to monitor and optimize

business processes by increasing the profits , i.e. they use Wireless LAN technology to improve

production and other business processes to the point where the optimized process delivers a

tangible competitive advantage.[3].

Some common business requirements that Location Services address are

* Maximizing the utilization of valuable shared mobile assets

* Streamlining inventory management and device or people tracking

* Telemetry to relay temperature, pressure, or humidity information about a critical devices

environment

* Voice over Wireless LAN (VoWLAN) and

* Emergency or 911 applications to identify the location of a distressed caller.


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Many computing and spatial information business analysts believe that LBS represent the ideal

means by which spatial information can be provided to a wide range of public users. For mobile

workers, all information needed to undertake the field work may be accessed from their mobile

devices. For everyday activities LBS provide quick response to requests for location-related

information. The capability of finding the nearest hotel or hospital location, and obtaining turn-

by-turn directions to that destination, delivered via cell phones, is welcomed by everyone. Some

even predict that LBS will, in the near future, be one of the most important sources of revenue

for the wireless communications industry. Reed (2001) states "telecommunication companies are

making huge investments, and they know LBS technology is a key application from which theycan generate revenue". VanderMeer (2001), Airbiquity Inc,. a developer of wireless data

communication solutions, "predicts that by 2005 the location-based service (LBS) market will

exceed $11 billion in revenue".[2].

On the other hand, there are skeptical voices among analysts about the real attraction of location-

based services.[8]. Reed (2001) states "LBS technology faces limited bandwidth, hard-to-use

interfaces, slow response, small screen size, high costs and limited applications as well as

multiple, and often conflicting, standards". In addition, the LBS market seems to be speculative

and "the real value and the future of mobile location-specific services lies in the developed

relationships with customers and improved efficiencies of many business processes" (Sonnen,

2001). The most important concern is whether consumers are really interested in LBS, and

whether they are willing to pay for them.


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In summary, the market for LBS is currently very speculative. There are some serious concerns,

such as whether consumers are prepared to pay for LBS and how much revenue can be generated

by LBS. However, the potential for LBS cannot be easily rejected. Reed (2001) states "providers

will quickly evolve their offerings, and the infrastructure will grow to meet the market

requirements.We also believe the LBS industry has potential to completely reshape the

geospatial industry". "Information about a potential customers location can be particularly

valuable" (Sonnen, 2001).

Case 2: C ompanies can successfully market the LBI products and services to customers :LBS extend the reach of such GIS based applications through commercial wireless networks, the

Internet and lost cost mobile terminals. We should not underestimate the value of GIS

technology in the LBS equation. Approximately two and a half years ago, just as LBS was

emerging, many were claiming that LBS was not at all like GIS due to the wireless mobile

customer focus. At that time, Jack Dangermond, President and CEO of ESRI, the global GIS

leader, expressed the view that LBS was merely one step further down the GIS evolutionary

path. He indicated that he had heard similar claims in the past when new other geospatial market

niches emerged, only to find out later that it was indeed an evolutionary step for GIS. Most in the

LBS industry now share in this conviction. It is through GIS after all that the full value of

location will be realized (anyone who really understands GIS knows this).

There are many LBI products in the market. Technology is very much advanced now a days and

new products are released every day. In this competitive world, the LBS and their products play

an important role in everyones life. It is also related to the costs of available substitutes for LBI


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technology in a business process. The companies according to the competition in the market,

reduce the costs of the product and make it more convenient for all the types of customers to

make use of the technology

Case 3: U sage of LBI to efficiently schedule and manage resources to get the right services to the

customer

Wi-Fi-based Active RFID tags are attached to the assets or personnel you want tracked. These

tags emit a wireless signal, either at a regular interval or when triggered by an exciter. The signal

is received by the Wireless LAN access points (APs), and sent to a location engine. The locationengine determines the tags location, and sends it to the visibility software. The visibility

software then uses the location data to display maps and reports, enable searches, create alerts,

manage assets, and enable a range of related functions.

The technology uses a range of solution approaches to efficiently manage and schedule the

right products and services to customers [3]:

* . Triangulation uses a high access point (AP) density approach enabling the system to pin-point

the exact location of the asset.

* . Presence uses just a few APs to cover the zone and lets staff know that the asset is in a

specific area, but not necessarily an exact location.

* .Choke-point uses devices called exciters, which are usually placed at entrances or exits of a

room, floor or building. As the asset passes through this gate, an alert is triggered in the

system.


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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In this paper we have been concerned with the value of Location-based information at the level

of the business process. We have examined the literature on the subject of location based

services, business process performance, Civil GPS Systems and Potential Vulnerabilities, etc.. A

number of generic findings were condensed from the empirical evidence available. Based on the

findings, we can conclude that a business process can benefit from Location-based information.

These findings have implications for practitioners who seek to identify opportunities for

location-based information in their business processes. We believe such an identification processneed not be haphazard and can in fact be structured: our findings suggest that a systematic

analysis vulnerabilities and benefits of LBI in a business process, and coordinating them can be

productive. A useful area of further research would be to develop a step-wise method to seek

LBI for existing business processes.

We realize that our analysis has been bottom-up, and that another selection of cases would likely

have produced a different set of findings. For example, we have not been able to explore a case

with handheld devices, car navigations, manufacturing, telecommunication industries, weather,

tracking, etc.. but clearly these business processes exist. We would encourage other researchers

to study other LBI business processes, and see how and why these applications contrast with our

findings.

The value of location-based information at the level of the business process is still a relatively

unexplored area. The cases that we have studied offer some insight into the relationships at issue,

but we also acknowledge that we are not yet in the theory testing stage. Nevertheless, our


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research has been a first step towards a better understanding of the relationships between

Location-based Information and business process performance.

REFERENCES

[1]. Security and Privacy Issues in Location Based Service (LBS) , Tutorial

www.roseindia.net/.../LBS/security-and-privacy-issues-lbs.shtml

[2]. Civil G PS Systems and Potential V ulnerabilities , Major David Hoey, 746th Test Squadron,

Paul Benshoof, 746th Test Squadron, 2005.

[3] . Location, Location, Location... U sing Wireless to Deliver Process Improvement and

Innovation, Dimension data, 2008.

[4]. Location-Based Services for Homeland Security, Harry Niedzwiadek,

http://lbs360.directionsmag.com/LBSArticles/Locationbased%20Services%20for%20Homeland

%20Security.pdf

[5]. G lobal Positioning System, From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System#Military

[6]. Location-based services, Wherever you are, wherever you go, get the information you want

to know, Article IB M , M arch 2002. http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/ibm/library/i-lbs/

[7]. The V alue of M obility for Business performance: E vidence from Sweden and the

N etherlands. Hans van der Heijden, Pablo Valiente.

[8]. Location-Based Services: Technical and Business Issues , Diep Dao, Chris Rizos and Jinling

Wang


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