lbvs – variabilities andetacar.umn.edu/workshop2012/talks/weis_talk.pdf · the smallest are the...
TRANSCRIPT
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LBVs – Variabilities and the Formation of Nebulae
Kerstin Weis
Astronomisches InstitutRuhr-Universität BochumBochum, Germany
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Let us start simple:What defines a Luminous Blue Variable ?
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The original plot for LBVs … don't leave home without it !
(Humphreys & Davidson 1979)
Where are they and where not?
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Defining a Luminous Blue Variable
Conti 1984
… this is a quite broad definition but at least excluded
● classical main-sequence O stars ● Wolf-Rayet stars
...and restricted that sample to more evolved objects that
→ need to be luminous ↔ massive→ need to be blue ↔ hot → need to be variable
at that time already three classes were known to fulfill these criteria
Hubble Sandage Variables P Cygni typ stars S Doradus Variables
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M 33(Burggraf 2005) (Weis 2003)
LBVs – a grand unification ofHubble-Sandage
VariablesP Cyg type star S Dor Variables
(Hubble & Sandage 1953)
(van Genderen 1997) (Weis 1999)
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Defining a Luminous Blue Variable
Conti 1984
LBV = HubbleSandage Variables + P Cygnityp stars + S Dor Variables
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Defining a Luminous Blue Variable
Conti 1984
LBV = HubbleSandage Variables + P Cygnityp stars + S Dor Variables
...13 years later ...
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Defining a Luminous Blue Variable
Conti 1984
Conti 1997
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Defining a Luminous Blue Variable
Conti 1984
Conti 1997
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Defining a Luminous Blue Variable by Variability
Photometric Variability
“minor outburst” “major outburst”
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Defining a Luminous Blue Variable by Variability
Photometric Variability
“minor outburst” “major outburst”
● minor fractions of magnitudes, on timescales of days and weeks
many magnitudes,more or less instantly
● fractions to a few magnitudes on timescales of several years
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Defining a Luminous Blue Variable by Variability
Photometric Variability
“minor outburst” “major outburst”
● minor fractions of magnitudes, on timescales of days and weeks
many magnitudes,more or less instantly
→ stars changes T
eff and Radius
→ stars instable, in the HRD close to de Jager-/ Humphreys-Davidson-/ Eddington- / ΩΓ -limit*
LBV in eruption ↔ S Dor Cyclus
LBV with agiant eruption
micro-variations→ seen in LBVs and
other massive stars
● fractions to a few magnitudes on timescales of several years
* pick whatever is you favorite ☺
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minor outburst (Conti 1997)
↕ small scale variation
Defining a Luminous Blue Variable by Variability
micro-variations
LBV in eruption ↔ S Dor cycle
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Microvariations of Luminous Blue Variables
● typical amplitudes are 0.1-0.5mag
typical timescales few days to several weeks
(van Genderen et al.1997)
example of micro-variations in the lightcurve of the LBV HR Carinae
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Defining a LBV – minor outburst ↔ S Dor cycle
(Stahl et al. 2001)
photometric variability
S Dor Cycle
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Defining a LBV – minor outburst ↔ S Dor cycle
(Stahl et al. 2001)
spectral variability
1989
2000
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Defining a LBV – minor outburst ↔ S Dor cycle
(Stahl et al. 2001)
S Dor cycle → variabilities are coupled
Teff
changes ↔ spectrum changes ↔ flux in filter band changes
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Defining a LBV – minor outburst ↔ S Dor cycle
RedSuperGiants
log
L/L
⊙
Mb
ol
-11
-10
-9
-8
6.5
6.0
5.5
log Teff
5.0
4.8 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.5
LBVs
LBV Eruptions
Humphreys Davidson Limit
Cool Hypergiants
AG Car
Main Sequence
85
60
40
M⊙
120
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Defining a LBV – minor outburst ↔ S Dor cycle
RedSuperGiants
log
L/L
⊙
Mb
ol
-11
-10
-9
-8
6.5
6.0
5.5
log Teff
5.0
4.8 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.5
LBVs
LBV Eruptions
Humphreys Davidson Limit
Cool Hypergiants
AG Car
Main Sequence
85
60
40
M⊙
120
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Defining a LBV – minor outburst ↔ S Dor cycle
RedSuperGiants
log
L/L
⊙
Mb
ol
-11
-10
-9
-8
6.5
6.0
5.5
log Teff
5.0
4.8 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.5
LBVs
LBV Eruptions
Humphreys Davidson Limit
Cool Hypergiants
SN 1987A
η Car
AG Car
HR Car
R127
S119
R71R110HD160529
WRA 751
P Cyg
R143
Sk- 69 279
S Dor
Main Sequence
85
60
40
M⊙
120
HD168625
G24.73+0.69He 3-519
S61
W243
G26.47+0.02
G79.29+0.46IRAS 18576+0341
Wray 17-96 Pistol
Sher#25
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Classification of various S Dor subtypes
(van Genderen 2001)
I. By the stars activity
strong-active (s-a)light amplitues > 0.5 mag
e.g.: AG Car, HR Car, HD 160529, WRA 751, R127, S Dor, R71, R110, R143...
weak-active (w-a)light amplitues < 0.5 mag
e.g.: η Car, P Cyg, HD 168607, CygOB2#12, R99, R123, R74, R81, R149...
ex- and dormant (ex/dormant)no variations detected in the 21st century (given the data present)
candidate divided into positive (+) negative (-) non-candidates (0)
less to noevidence
(van Genderen 2001)
(s-a)
(w-a)
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Classification of various S Dor subtypes
II. By timescale short-S Dor (S-SD) S Dor cycle shorter as 10 yr
long-S Dor (L-SD)S Dor cycle longer as 20 yr
very-long-term-S Dor (VLT-SD)S Dor cycle 20-50 yrs → now in L-SD
it also exists a
(van Genderen 2001)
(L-SD) (S-SD)
see poster by Burggraf et al. on Var C in M33
Is the S Dor cycle and its timescales different for different metalicities ?
Maybe !see talk/poster Bomans et al. on transients at very low Z
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Security advise !Don't leave your LBV unattended !
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Security advise !Don't leave your LBV unattended !
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(Humphreys et al. 1999)
(Weis et al. 2001)
Security advise !Don't leave your LBV unattended !
giant eruption
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Defining a Luminous Blue Variable by Variability
major outburst↕
LBV giant eruption↕
η Car variables↕
SN imposters
(Conti 1997)
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Defining a Luminous Blue Variable by Variability
η Carinae
P Cygni
SN 1961VSN 1954J
major outburst↕
LBV giant eruption↕
η Car variables↕
SN imposters
(Conti 1997)
Conti 1997
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Warning !!!What looks like giant eruption may not always be one !
Defining a Luminous Blue Variable by Variability
SN2002kg is was detected in NGC2403
“The object was at mag 19 +/- 0.3,and possibly showed a brightening trend, from 2002 Oct. 26 to 2003 Jan. 1.”
Schwartz et al. ,IAUCircular No. 8051
The case of SN 2002kg
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Defining a Luminous Blue Variable by Variability
The case of SN 2002kg !
SN 2002kg
SN 1954JSN 1954Jgiant eruptionyes
SN 2002kggiant eruptionno
✔
✘
SN 2002kg= the brightening of the LBV V37 in NGC 2403
Tamman & Sandage (1968)first identified V37 as ablue irregular variablestar ↔ fitting to LBV
SN 2002kg is found toagree with the position of V 37 by Weis & Bomans (2005)and Van Dyk (2005)
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The LBV eruption of V37 ↔ SN2002kg
(Weis & Bomans 2005)
SN 2002kg ↔ V37
SN 2002kg
Lightcurve of V37 with the SN 2002kg detection → the star brightend but it was neither a giant eruption nor a classical S Dor cycle
Hα image of the area and V37 taken
before the SN 2002kg. Here V37 isfound in bright H
α emission.
→ strong emission line star→ indications for a nebula
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The LBV eruption of V37 ↔ SN2002kg
(Weis & Bomans 2005)
SN 2002kg ↔ V37
SN 2002kg
Hα image of the area and V37 taken
before the SN 2002kg. Here V37 isfound in bright H
α emission.
→ strong emission line star→ indications for a nebula
Lightcurve of V37 with the SN 2002kg detection → the star brightend but it was neither a giant eruption nor a classical S Dor cycle
Is V37 a giant eruption imposter ?
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The LBV eruption of V37 ↔ SN2002kg
(Weis & Bomans 2005)
SN 2002kg ↔ V37
SN 2002kg
Hα image of the area and V37 taken
before the SN 2002kg. Here V37 isfound in bright H
α emission.
→ strong emission line star→ indications for a nebula
Lightcurve of V37 with the SN 2002kg detection → the star brightend but it was neither a giant eruption nor a classical S Dor cycle
Is V37 a giant eruption imposter ?...No not again a new acronym...
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LBVs – The nebula basics
Variable stellare winds and giant eruptions → ideal conditions to creat circumstellar nebulae
● strong N lines ↔ CNO processed material
(Weis 2009)
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Morphology of LBV nebulaeMorphology
● several are quite spherical (e.g. S 61) ● a few do show outflows or convexity (e.g. Sk -69° 279) ● rarely irregular (best example R 143)
(Weis & Duschl 2002, Weis 2003)
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Morphology of LBV nebulaeMorphology
● a quite large number are bipolar → either like hourglass shaped nebulae (e.g. η Car, HR Car) → or as bipolar attachments → caps (e.g. WRA 751, R 127)
(Weis et al. 1997 & Weis 2003)
HR Car
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Multi-shell nebulae – several phases ?
“outer shell”
“inner shell” S 61 (LMC)
P Cygni (MW)
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Sizes of LBV nebulaeSizes
● the smallest are the Homunculus and HD168625 both Ø ~ 0.2 pc ● the largest is Sk -69° 279 with Ø ~ 4.5 pc or 6.2 pc (with Fil N) ● the majority has a size between 1-2 pc ● the LMC nebulae are larger compared to the Galactic
(Weis 2009, Weis & Duschl 2002)
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(Weis 2009)
LBV nebulae – on scale !
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Kinematics of LBV nebulae
Expansion velocities
● the slowest is Sk -69°279 with 14 km/s ● the fastest is η Carinae with up to at least ≥ 3200 km/s ● the average is around 50 km/s ● LMC LBVs have in general a slower expansion velocity Outflows
● some have outflows that move faster (e.g. S 119)
Bipolarity
● is detected kinematically - either as two expansion ellipses (e.g. AG Car) - or the bipolar expansion of the attached caps (e.g. WRA 751)
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LBV nebulae in numbers
Weis 2012 in Eta Car and the Supernova Impostors A&A library (eds. Davidson & Humphreys)
JUST OUT
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The case of bipolarity
About 50 % of the all LBV nebulae show signs of bipolarity!Taking only the galactic LBVs the fraction is about 70%. Hints for stellar rotation ? Hints for a metalicity effect ?
Weis 2012 in Eta Car and the Supernova Impostors A&A library (eds. Davidson & Humphreys)
JUST OUT
![Page 43: LBVs – Variabilities andetacar.umn.edu/Workshop2012/Talks/weis_talk.pdf · the smallest are the Homunculus and HD168625 both Ø ~ 0.2 pc the largest is Sk -69° 279 with Ø ~ 4.5](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040901/5e71fcf66516ae4a5b347b09/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
HR Car AG Car
(Weis 2009)(Weis et al. 1997)
The cause of bipolarity → Rotation ?
![Page 44: LBVs – Variabilities andetacar.umn.edu/Workshop2012/Talks/weis_talk.pdf · the smallest are the Homunculus and HD168625 both Ø ~ 0.2 pc the largest is Sk -69° 279 with Ø ~ 4.5](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040901/5e71fcf66516ae4a5b347b09/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
The cause of bipolarity → Rotation ?
AG Car
both are fast rotating stars !☺
v sin i = 150 km/s v sin i = 85-190 km/s
velocities from Groh et al. 2006, 2009
(Weis 2009)
HR Car
(Weis et al. 1997)
![Page 45: LBVs – Variabilities andetacar.umn.edu/Workshop2012/Talks/weis_talk.pdf · the smallest are the Homunculus and HD168625 both Ø ~ 0.2 pc the largest is Sk -69° 279 with Ø ~ 4.5](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040901/5e71fcf66516ae4a5b347b09/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Conclusions from LBV nebulae
● bipolar nebulae (see → AG Car & HR Car)
→ result of the faster rotation of the central stars
● lower metalicity LBVs (LMC) have larger, slower expanding and fewer bipolar nebulae
→ metalicity depend mass loss and ejecta mechanism → coupling of metalicity and faster rotation
● multiple shell structures in the nebulae
→ various wind ↔ S Dor phases → multiple eruptions
![Page 46: LBVs – Variabilities andetacar.umn.edu/Workshop2012/Talks/weis_talk.pdf · the smallest are the Homunculus and HD168625 both Ø ~ 0.2 pc the largest is Sk -69° 279 with Ø ~ 4.5](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040901/5e71fcf66516ae4a5b347b09/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
So back to the start, what do we know defines a Luminous Blue Variable ?
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LBVs – The observational background
● photometric and spectroscopic variable ● S Dor variability is a photometric ↔ spectroscopic ↔ T
● may undergo a giant eruption
● variability in general irregular !
● close to Humphreys-Davidson limit
![Page 48: LBVs – Variabilities andetacar.umn.edu/Workshop2012/Talks/weis_talk.pdf · the smallest are the Homunculus and HD168625 both Ø ~ 0.2 pc the largest is Sk -69° 279 with Ø ~ 4.5](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040901/5e71fcf66516ae4a5b347b09/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
The LBVs in the HRD – the theory side
LBVs
LBV Eruptions
Humphreys Davidson Limit
Cool Hypergiants
SN 1987A
η Car
AG Car
HR Car
R127
S119
R71R110HD160529
WRA 751
P Cyg
R143
Sk- 69 279
S Dor
HD168625
G24.73+0.69He 3-519
S61
W243
G26.47+0.02
G79.29+0.46IRAS 18576+0341
Wray 17-96 Pistol
Sher#25
RedSuperGiants
85 M⊙
Main Sequence
60 M⊙
40 M⊙
120 M⊙
25 M⊙
Mb
ol
-11
-10
-9
-8
log
L/L
⊙
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
log Teff
4.8 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.5
![Page 49: LBVs – Variabilities andetacar.umn.edu/Workshop2012/Talks/weis_talk.pdf · the smallest are the Homunculus and HD168625 both Ø ~ 0.2 pc the largest is Sk -69° 279 with Ø ~ 4.5](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040901/5e71fcf66516ae4a5b347b09/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
The LBVs in the HRD – the theory side
RedSuperGiants
LBVs
LBV Eruptions
Humphreys Davidson Limit
Cool Hypergiants
SN 1987A
η Car
AG Car
HR Car
R127
S119
R71R110HD160529
WRA 751
P Cyg
R143
Sk- 69 279
S Dor
HD168625
G24.73+0.69He 3-519
S61
W243
G26.47+0.02
G79.29+0.46IRAS 18576+0341
Mb
ol
-11
-10
-9
-8
log
L/L
⊙
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
log Teff
4.8 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.5
60 M⊙
Main Sequence
85 M⊙
40 M⊙
120 M⊙
25 M⊙
Sher#25
Wray 17-96 Pistol
Sher#25
Geneva ModelsZ=0.02V
rot = 300 km/s
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The LBVs in the HRD – the theory side
● evolved massive star
● comparison with rotation models → Mini
as low as 22 M⊙
● high mass loss ~ 10-6...-3 M ⊙yr-1
● LBV phase short ~ 2 104 yrs → is it ? ● close to Eddington or if rotating ΩГ-limit
![Page 51: LBVs – Variabilities andetacar.umn.edu/Workshop2012/Talks/weis_talk.pdf · the smallest are the Homunculus and HD168625 both Ø ~ 0.2 pc the largest is Sk -69° 279 with Ø ~ 4.5](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040901/5e71fcf66516ae4a5b347b09/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
nebula
a fitting log L⊙ and log T
eff
S Dor cycle
irregular photometric variations
giant eruptions
spectral variations
...?
Proximity to
instability limit
There is no unique LBV feature → therefore no unique classification scheme !
![Page 52: LBVs – Variabilities andetacar.umn.edu/Workshop2012/Talks/weis_talk.pdf · the smallest are the Homunculus and HD168625 both Ø ~ 0.2 pc the largest is Sk -69° 279 with Ø ~ 4.5](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040901/5e71fcf66516ae4a5b347b09/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
nebula
a fitting log L⊙ and log T
eff
S Dor cycle
irregular photometric variations
giant eruptions
How many do we have to check with yes to classify it as LBV ?
spectral variations
...?
Proximity to
instability limit
There is no unique LBV feature → therefore no unique classification scheme !
![Page 53: LBVs – Variabilities andetacar.umn.edu/Workshop2012/Talks/weis_talk.pdf · the smallest are the Homunculus and HD168625 both Ø ~ 0.2 pc the largest is Sk -69° 279 with Ø ~ 4.5](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040901/5e71fcf66516ae4a5b347b09/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
nebula
a fitting log L⊙ and log T
eff
S Dor cycle
irregular photometric variations
giant eruptions
How many do we have to check with yes to classify it as LBV ?
spectral variations
...?
Proximity to
instability limit
To be or not to be a LBV. That is the question.
There is no unique LBV feature → therefore no unique classification scheme !
![Page 54: LBVs – Variabilities andetacar.umn.edu/Workshop2012/Talks/weis_talk.pdf · the smallest are the Homunculus and HD168625 both Ø ~ 0.2 pc the largest is Sk -69° 279 with Ø ~ 4.5](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040901/5e71fcf66516ae4a5b347b09/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
What we know and learn from LBV nebulae
LBV nebulae facts ● morphologies are spherical, elliptical to irregular
● a large fraction (50-75%) shows bipolarity
● LMC nebulae are generally larger as those in the Galaxy
● expansion velocities range typically between 10-150 km/s with the exception of η Carinae (≥ 3200 km/s)
● LMC nebulae are generally slower as those in the Galaxy
● some LBV nebulae show multiple shells