lcaretto/me370/hw12.doc · web view · 2010-11-30consider a 210 mw steam power plant that...

College of Engineering and Computer ScienceMechanical Engineering Department

Mechanical Engineering 370Thermodynamics

Fall 2010 Course Number: 14319 Instructor: Larry Caretto

Unit Eleven Homework Solutions, November 30, 2010

1. Consider a 210 MW steam power plant that operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle. Steam enters the turbine at 10 MPa and 500oC and is cooled in the condenser to a pressure of 10 kPa. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to the saturation lines and determine (a) the quality of steam at the turbine exit, (b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle, and (c) the mass flow rate of the steam.

The cycle diagram shows the individual steps in the cycle. The increase in temperature in the pump is typically about 1oC so the isentropic pump step does not really show on the diagram. The constant pressure heating in the steam generator shows the path of an isobar on a T-s diagram. In the mixed region, where temperature and pressure are constant, the isobar is a horizontal line. The condenser, which is completely in the mixed region, has a constant temperature line to represent the constant pressure process in the condenser.

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To compute the quality at the turbine exit, we recognize that this exit state is defined by the condenser pressure of 10 kPa and an isentropic process such that sout = sin = s(10 MPa, 500oC) = 6.5995 kJ/kg∙K. The outlet quality is thus found from the following equation.

xout = 0.793 .

In order to compute the efficiency, we need the enthalpy values at all the state points. Following a conventional Rankine cycle calculation, we find the properties at state one as those of a saturated liquid at the condenser pressure: h1 = hf(10 kPa) = 191.81 kJ/kg and v1 = 0.001010 m3/kg. The isentropic pump work, |wp| = v1(P2 – P1) where P2 is the same as the inlet pressure to the turbine, 10 MPa = 10,000 kPa. Thus,

We then find h2 = h1 + |wP1| = 191.81 kJ/kg + 10.09 kJ/kg = 201.90 kJ/kg.h3 = h(10 MPa, 500oC) = 3375.1 kJ/kg. s3 = s(10 MPa, 500oC) = 6.5995 kJ/kg∙K.As noted above, state 4 is in the mixed region with P4 = 10 kPa and x4 = 0.793. We thus find the enthalpy from the quality as h4 = hf(P4 = 10 kPa) + x4 hfg(P4 = 10 kPa) = 191.81 + (0.793)(2392.1 kJ/kg) or h4 = 2089.7 kJ/kg.The heat input to the steam generator, qh = h3 – h2 = 3375.1 kJ/kg – 201.90 kJ/kg = 3173.2 kJ/kgThe condenser heat rejection, ql = |h1 – h4| = |191.81 kJ/kg – 2089.7 kJ/kg| = 1897.9 kJ/kg.The net work, w = qh - |qL| = 3173.2 kJ/kg| - 1897.9 kJ/kg = 1275.3 kJ/kg.

The efficiency = w / qH = (1275.3 kJ/k ) / (3173.2 kJ/kg) or = 40.2% .

The mass flow,

2. Consider a solar-pond power plant that operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid. The refrigerant enters the turbine as a saturated vapor at 1.6 MPa and leaves at 0.7 MPa. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 6 kg/s. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to the saturation lines and determine (a) the thermal efficiency and (b) the power output of the plant.

The cycle diagram is shown on the next page. As usual, when the T-s diagram is drawn to scale, the pump does not appear on the diagram and the constant-pressure heating of the liquid in the steam generator is very close to the saturation line. This diagram is unusual because there is no superheating. In addition, the particular inlet and outlet pressures chosen for the turbine are in an area of the T-s diagram where the slope is nearly vertical. Thus, the isentropic turbine process, starting at the saturated vapor line lies very close to the saturated vapor line for the entire process. This is verified by the calculation of the exit quality from the turbine, x4. To compute this quality we note that the ideal cycle has an isentropic turbine so that s4 = s3 = sg(1.6 MPa) = 0.90784 kJ/kg∙K. At the condenser pressure of 0.7 MPa and an entropy of 0.90784 kJ/kg∙K, we find the quality as follows.



xout = 0.979 .

The value of 98.3% for quality confirms the turbine path in the diagram that is close to the saturated line for the entire process.Next, we do the usual set of calculations for the Rankine cycle. In order to compute the efficiency, we need the enthalpy values at all the state points. Following a conventional Rankine cycle calculation, we find the properties at state one as those of a saturated liquid at the condenser pressure: h1 = hf(0.7 MPa) = 88.82 kJ/kg and v1 = 0.0008331 m3/kg. The isentropic pump work, |wp| = v1(P2 – P1) where P2 is the same as the inlet pressure to the turbine, 1.6 MPa = 1600 kPa. Thus,

We then find h2 = h1 + |wP1| = 86.78 kJ/kg + 0.75 kJ/kg = 89.57 kJ/kg.

h3 = hg(1.6 MPa) = 277.863 kJ/kg. s3 = sg(1.6 MPa) = 0.90784 kJ/kg∙K.

As noted above, state 4 is in the mixed region with P4 = 700 kPa and x4 = 0.979. We thus find the enthalpy from the quality as h4 = hf(P4 = 700 kPa) + x4 hfg(P4 = 700 kPa) = 88.82 kJ/kg + (0.979)(176.212 kJ/kg) or h4 = 261.41 kJ/kg.

The heat intput to the steam generator, qh = h3 – h2 = 277.86 kJ/kg – 89.54 kJ/kg = 188.3 kJ/kg

The condenser heat rejection, ql = |h1 – h4| = |88.62 kJ/kg – 261.41 kJ/kg| = 172.6 kJ/kg.


R-134a Rankine Cycle

0

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100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Entropy (kJ/kg-K)

Tem

pera

ture

(K)

Saturation SteamGenerator

Pump Turbine

Condenser


The net work, w = qh - |qL| =188.3 kJ/kg| - 172.6 kJ/kg = 15.70 kJ/kg.

The efficiency = w / qH = (15.70 kJ/k ) / (188.3 kJ/kg) or = 8.3% .

The power output =

3. Consider a steam power plant that operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle and has a net power output of 45 MW. Steam enters the turbine at 7 MPa and 500oC and is cooled in the condenser to a pressure of 10 kPa by running cooling water from a lake through the condenser at a rate of 2000 kg/s. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to the saturation lines, and determine (a) the thermal efficiency of the cycle, (b) the mass flow rate of the steam, and (c) the temperature rise of the cooling water.

The diagram for this cycle is similar to the diagram for the cycle in problem 9-16 and is not shown here.

In order to compute the efficiency, we need the enthalpy values at all the state points. Following a conventional Rankine cycle calculation, we find the properties at state one as those of a saturated liquid at the condenser pressure: h1 = hf(10 kPa) = 191.83 kJ/kg and v1 = 0.001010 m3/kg. The isentropic pump work, |wp| = v1(P2 – P1) where P2 is the same as the inlet pressure to the turbine, 7 MPa = 7,000 kPa. Thus,

We then find h2 = h1 + |wP1| = 191.81 kJ/kg + 7.06 kJ/kg = 198.87 kJ/kg.h3 = h(7 MPa, 500oC) =3411.4 kJ/kg. s3 = s(7 MPa, 500oC) = 6.8000 kJ/kg∙K.h4 = h(P = Pcond = 10 kPa, s4 = s3). We see that this state is in the mixed region so we have to compute the quality to determine the enthalpy.

xout = 0.8202 .

With P4 = 10 kPa and x4 = 0.82027, we find the value of h4 = hf(P4 = 10 kPa) + x4 hfg(P4 = 10 kPa) = 191.81 + (0.8202)(2392.` kJ/kg) or h4 = 2153.7 kJ/kg.The heat input to the steam generator, qh = h3 – h2 = 3411.4 kJ/kg – 198.87 kJ/kg = 3212.5 kJ/kgThe condenser heat rejection, ql = |h1 – h4| = |191.81 kJ/kg – 2153.7 kJ/kg| = 1961.8 kJ/kg.The net work, w = qh - |qL| = 3212.5 kJ/kg| - 1961.8 kJ/kg = 1250.6 kJ/kg.

The efficiency = w / qH = (1250.6 kJ/kg) / (3212.5 kJ/kg) or = 38.9% .

The mass flow,

The heat rejection rate from the steam to the cooling water is the product of the mass flow rate and the value of |qL|:

This heat is added to the cooling water. The cooling water flow is modeled as a steady flow with negligible kinetic and potential energies. There is no useful work. We model the enthalpy



change of the cooling water by the equation h = cpT since we assume that the effect of pressure changes on the enthalpy of the relatively incompressible liquid water will be negligible. Applying the first law to the cooling water then gives the following relationship between the condenser heat rejection and the cooling water temperature rise, Tcw:

We can solve this equation for Tcw, and substitute in the given values including the heat capacity of liquid water to give cp,cw = 4.18 kJ/kg∙K (Table A-3(a) on page 914 of the text for liquid water at 25oC) to obtain the final answer for the temperature rise.

Tcw = 8.44oC .

4. A steam power plant operates on an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle. Steam enters the turbine at 6 MPa and 450oC and is condensed in the condenser at 20 kPa. Steam is extracted from the turbine at 0.4 MPa to heat the feedwater in an open feedwater heater. Water leaves the feedwater heater as a saturated liquid. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram and determine (a) the net work per kilogram of steam flowing through the boiler and (b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle.

The diagram of the components in the cycle is shown on the left. In terms of the numbered points on this diagram, the input data for the problem give P5 = 6 MPa, T5 = 450oC, Pcond = 20 kPa, and PFWH = 0.4 MPa.

For the ideal cycle in which there are no line losses in pressure or temperature and no pressure drops in heat transfer devices, we have P4 = P5,= 6 MPa, P2 = P3 = P6 = P7 = PFWH = 0.4 MPa, and P1 = P8 = Pcond = 20 kPa. The ideal cycle has isentropic work devices so s8 = s7 = s6 = s5; s2 = s1 and s4 = s3. Finally points 1 and 3 are saturated liquid.

As usual, we assume that the individual components are steady-flow devices with negligible kinetic and potential energies. There is no useful work in the steam generator, feedwater heater, or condenser. The turbine and pumps are reversible and adiabatic meaning that there is no heat transfer or entropy change. Thus the first law for each device only one inlet and one outlet is q = w + hout – hin. We begin by determining the enthalpy at each point in the cycle.

The properties at state one as those of a saturated liquid at the condenser pressure: h1 = hf(20 kPa) = 251.42 kJ/kg and v1 = 0.001017 m3/kg. The pumps are isentropic and we calculate the work of the first pump as follows: |wp1| = v1(P2 – P1). Thus,



We then find h2 = h1 + |wP1| = 251.42 kJ/kg + 0.39 kJ/kg = 251.80 kJ/kg.The properties at state three are also those of a saturated liquid. Here the pressure is the feedwater heater pressure so that h3 = hf(400 kPa) = 604.66 kJ/kg and v3 = 0.001084 m3/kg. We use the vP calculation for isentropic pump work for the second pump.

We then find h4 = h3 + |wP2| = 604.66 kJ/kg + 6.07 kJ/kg = 610.73 kJ/kg.h5 = h(6 MPa, 450oC) = 3302.9 kJ/kg. s5 = s(6 MPa, 450oC) =6.7219 kJ/kg∙K.h6 = h(P = PFWH = 400 kPa, s6 = s5). We see that this state is in the mixed region so we have to compute the quality to determine the enthalpy.

h6 = hf(P6 = 400 kPa) + x6 hfg(P6 = 400 kPa) = 604.66 kJ/kg + (0.9661)(2133.4 kJ/kg) or h6 = 2665.7 kJ/kg.State 7 is the same as state 6 so we have h7 = 2665.7 kJ/kg.h8 = h(P = Pcond = 20 kPa, s8 = s5). We see that this state is in the mixed region so we have to compute the quality to determine the enthalpy.

h8 = hf(P8 = 20 kPa) + x8 hfg(P8 = 20 kPa) = 251.42 kJ/kg + (0.8325)(2357.5 kJ/kg) or h8 = 2213.97 kJ/kg.In this cycle there are three distinct mass flow rates at different points in the cycle. These are shown in the equations below. (Here, represents the mass flow into the feedwater heater.)

Taking a mass and energy balance around the feedwater heater gives the following relation for the mass flow ratio. We can substitute the enthalpy values found above to compute this ratio.

We can compute the heat input rate for the steam generator, using as the mass flow rate in the steam generator.



The power output from the two turbine stages is given by the following equation, which accounts for the differences in mass flow rate in the two stages.

Finally, the total power input to the pumps is computed by accounting for the differences in mass flow rates.

We now have the necessary information to compute the cycle efficiency.

We can divide by the mass flow rate, to get the following equation for the efficiency in terms of the mass flow rate ratio that we found from our analysis of the feedwater heater.

In this form, the numerator of the efficiency equation is the net work per unit mass flowing through the steam generator.

Substituting the values found for the enthalpies in the cycle and the mass flow rate ratio gives the net work per unit mass flowing through the steam generator as follows:

From the equations for the efficiency and the net work, we see that we can use the computed value of work to simplify the efficiency calculation.



= 37.8%

5. Repeat problem 4 with the open feedwater heater replaced by a closed feedwater heater. Assume that the feedwater leaves the heater at the condensation temperature of the extracted steam and that the extracted steam leaves the heater as a saturated liquid and is pumped to the line carrying the feedwater.

The diagram of the components in the cycle is shown on the left. In the closed feedwater heater, the feed water flows from point w to point 4, without mixing with the extracted steam. (The steam enters at point 8, transfers heat to the feed water without mixing, and leaves at point 3.

In terms of the numbered points on this diagram, the input data for the problem give P7 = 6 MPa, T7 = 450oC, Pcond = 20 kPa, and P8 = 0.4 MPa. We are also told that point 3 is a saturated liquid and T4 has the same temperature as this saturated liquid

For the ideal cycle in which there are no line losses in pressure or temperature and no pressure drops in heat transfer devices, we have P2 = P4 = P5 = P6 = P7 = 6 MPa, P3 = P8 = 0.4 MPa, and P1

= P10 = Pcond = 20 kPa. The ideal cycle has isentropic work devices so s10 = s9 = s8 = s7; s2 = s1 and s5 = s3. Finally points 1 and 3 are saturated liquid.

In this cycle there are three distinct mass flow rates at different points in the cycle. These are shown in the equations below. (Here, represents the mass flow into the feedwater heater.)

Taking a mass balance around the mixing chamber gives the following relation among the three mass flow rates.

As usual, we assume that the individual components are steady-flow devices with negligible kinetic and potential energies. There is no useful work in the steam generator, feedwater heater,



or condenser. The turbine and pumps are reversible and adiabatic meaning that there is no heat transfer or entropy change. Thus the first law for each device with only one inlet and one outlet is q = w + hout – hin. We begin by determining the enthalpy at each point in the cycle.



We then find h5 = h3 + |wP2| = 604.66 kJ/kg + 6.07 kJ/kg = 610.73 kJ/kg.According to the problem information T4 has the same temperature as the saturated liquid at point three. From the saturation tables we find this temperature as 143.61oC. This is a compressed liquid and we can use the following data in the compressed liquid. We can use a double interpolation in the compressed liquid tables to find the enthalpy at this point. First we use two interpolations to find the enthalpy at the desired temperature of 143/61oC at the two pressures bounding the given pressure of 6 MPa in the tables.

We can now use these two values to find the desired enthalpy at 6 MPa.

The mixing chamber has no heat or work, but is has three different mass flow rates. Thus the first law and mass conservation equations for this device can be written as shown below and manipulated to get an equation for h6 in terms of mass flow rate ratios.

Thus, we can compute h6 if we know the mass flow rate ratio in the above equation. We can find this mass flow rate ratio from an analysis of the closed feedwater heater. Application of the first law for no heat and work (and recognizing that the two streams in this device do not mix) gives the following result.



We have already seen how to compute h1, h3, and h4, and we will determine h8 below. Thus we

will be able to compute the mass flow rate ratio shown above from enthalpy values. To

compute the ratio required to compute h6, we have to make the following computations.

We continue to find enthalpy values, using the conventional methods for the isentropic turbine work.h7 = h(6 MPa, 450oC) = 3302.9 kJ/kg. s7 = s(6 MPa, 450oC) =6.7219 kJ/kg∙K.h8 = h(P = P8 = 400 kPa, s8 = s7). We see that this state is in the mixed region so we have to compute the quality to determine the enthalpy.

h8 = hf(P8 = 400 kPa) + x8 hfg(P8 = 400 kPa) = 604.66 kJ/kg + (0.9661)(2133.4 kJ/kg) or h8 = 2665.67 kJ/kg.State 9 is the same as state 9 so we have h9 = 2665.67 kJ/kg.h10 = h(P = Pcond = 20 kPa, s10 = s7). We see that this state is in the mixed region so we have to compute the quality to determine the enthalpy.

h10 = hf(P10 = 20 kPa) + x10 hfg(P10 = 20 kPa) = 251.42 kJ/kg + (0.8325)(2357.5 kJ/kg) or h10 = 2213.97 kJ/kg.We now have all the enthalpy values required to compute the mass flow rate ratios



With the value just found for , we can compute h6:

We can compute the heat input rate for the steam generator, using as the mass flow rate in the steam generator.










= 37.7%



6 A steam power plant operates on an ideal reheat-regenerative Rankine cycle and has a net power output of 80 MW. Steam enters the high-pressure turbine at 10 MPa and 550oC and leaves at 0.8 MPa. Some of the steam is extracted at this pressure to heat the feedwater in an open feedwater heater. The rest of the steam is reheated to 500oC and is expanded in the low pressure turbine to the condenser pressure of 10 kPa. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram and determine (a) the mass flow rate of steam flowing through the boiler and (b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle.

1

5

8

High Pressure Turbine (T1)

Low Pressure Turbine (T2)

Condenser

Pump (P1)

Steam Generator

Feedwater Heater

Pump (P2)

234

67

The diagram of the components in the cycle is shown on the left. In terms of the numbered points on this diagram, the input data for the problem give P5 = 10 MPa, T5 = 550oC, Pcond = 10 kPa, and PFWH = 0.8 MPa, and T7 = 500oC.

For the ideal cycle in which there are no line losses in pressure or temperature and no pressure drops in heat transfer devices, we have P4 = P5,= 10 MPa, P2 = P3 = P6 = P7 = PFWH = 0.8 MPa, and P1 = P8 = Pcond = 20 kPa. The ideal cycle has isentropic work devices so s8 = s7, s6 = s5; s2 = s1 and s4 = s3. Finally points 1 and 3 are saturated liquid.

As usual, we assume that the individual components are steady-flow devices with negligible kinetic and potential energies. There is no useful work in the steam generator, feedwater heater, or condenser. The turbine and pumps are reversible and adiabatic meaning that there is no heat transfer or entropy change. Thus the first law for each device only one inlet and one outlet is q = w + hout – hin. We begin by determining the enthalpy at each point in the cycle.



We then find h4 = h3 + |wP2| = 720.87 kJ/kg + 10.26 kJ/kg = 731.13 kJ/kg.h5 = h(10 MPa, 550oC) = 3502.0 kJ/kg. s5 = s(1 MPa, 550oC) =6.7585 kJ/kg∙K.h6 = h(P = PFWH = 800 kPa, s6 = s5). This state is in the gas region so we have to find h6 by interpolation between the first two rows at 800 kPa. This gives h6 = 2812,8 kJ/kg.h7 = h(0.8 MPa, 500oC) = 3481.3 kJ/kg. s7 = s(0.8 MPa, 500oC) =7.8692 kJ/kg∙K.



h8 = h(P = Pcond = 10 kPa, s8 = s7). We see that this state is in the mixed region so we have to compute the quality to determine the enthalpy.

h8 = hf(P8 = 10 kPa) + x8 hfg(P8 = 10 kPa) = 191.81 kJ/kg + (0.9627)(2392.1 kJ/kg) or h8 = 2494.7 kJ/kg.In this cycle there are three distinct mass flow rates at different points in the cycle. These are shown in the equations below. (Here, represents the mass flow into the feedwater heater.)

Taking a mass and energy balance around the feedwater heater gives the following relation for the mass flow ratio. We can substitute the enthalpy values found above to compute this ratio.

We can compute the heat input rate for the steam generator, using as the mass flow rate for the initial the steam generator flow and mb for the reheat flow.









From this specific work, we can find the mass flow rate required for a power output of 80 MW.


= 44.4%

An alternative approach for finding the efficiency is to determine the heat loss in the condenser. . Since this is the rejected heat, we can use the following approach for

computing the efficiency.



Applying the results previously found to this equation gives...



lcaretto/me370/hw12.doc · web view · 2010-11-30consider a 210 mw steam power plant that...

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