L.Carroll. Through the Looking - L.Carroll. Through the Looking - Glass and What Alice Found ThereGlass and What Alice Found There

"The time has come,' the Walrus said,

"To talk of many things:

Of shoes -- and ships -- and sealing-wax --

Of cabbages -- and kings --

And why the sea is boiling hot --

And whether pigs have wings.'

MODERN OPTICSMODERN OPTICS(OPTICS YESTERDAY, TODAY AND TOMORROW)

What is optics

Subdivisions

Modern laser-based optical physics

Applications

Optics over the centuries

Alexander Popov

The Wavelengths of Visible Radiation:  From 700 nm (7 ·10 -5 cm, red light) to 400 nm (4 ·10 -5 cm, violet). Optical Electro-Magnetic Radiation:(sub-millimeter) 10 -3 cm 10 -8 cm (x-rays). The speed of light in a vacuum is a fundamental physical constant c=299,792,458 metres per second, or about 186,282 miles per second (299,792 kilometres per second).

Visible range

is a science concerned with the genesis

and propagation of light, the changes

it undergoes and produces, and

other phenomena closely associated with it.

Major branches: physiological optics geometrical optics instrumental optics

physical optics

OPTICSOPTICS

Koz’ma PrutkovKoz’ma Prutkov

One cannot find a thing

so small that it couldn’t

embrace an even

smaller thing.

Physiological Photometry Geometrical Wave Crystal Metal Quantum

Computational Quasi-optics Nonlinear

Nonlinear SpectroscopySuper Strong Fields

Electro-optics Magneto-optics Spectroscopy

Absorption Opto-acousticalFluorescentScattering Photo-ionization

Raman Analytical Mand.-Brilluen

Laser Spectroscopy

((PhysicalPhysical) ) OPTICSOPTICS ((Optos,OptikeOptos,Optike))

M. BulgakovM. Bulgakov

I order: ‘Don’t write unauthorizedwords on the stove!’

Physiological Photometry Geometrical Wave Quantum

IlluminationShowsDesign

•High-resolution devices•Holography•Interferometers•Diffraction devices•Polarimeters•Nephelometers (fluctuations, inhomogeneities)

LASERS

•Photo-detectors•Photodiodes•Electro-optical converters•Телевидение•Solar Batteries

Spectroscopy•Nuclear•Atomic•Molecular•Plasma•Solids•Analytical

NonlinearOptics

OpticsOptics ((applicationsapplications))

Arkady and Boris Arkady and Boris StrugatskyStrugatsky

Very diverse and contradictory gossip circulates about those territories cut from the World and administrative influence.

Coherent, super-high-frequency EM radiation

focused in:

spectral interval / ~ 10-15 (monochromatic);

solid angle (targeted emission) ~(/D)2 ~ 10-15;

spot A ~ ()2 and volume V ~()3 ~ 10-15 cm -3 (focusing);

time interval ~ 2/ ~ 10-15 s

E (Q/A)1/2

WHY LASERS?WHY LASERS?

M. SvetlovM. Svetlov

Fantasies need details …

E(t, z) = j Aj cos(j t – kj z),

E = ½ j [Aj exp(ij t + kj z) + k.c.]

P (L) (t, z) = (1)· E (t, z), P = P (L) + P (NL) .

P (NL) (t, z) = (1) · E (t, z) + (2) · E2 (t, z) + (3) · E3 (t, z) + …= (E) · E

cos2x = ½(1 + cos 2x), cos3x = ¼ (3cos x + cos 3x).

Formula E...

Y.R. Shen. Principles of Nonlinear Y.R. Shen. Principles of Nonlinear Optics.Optics.

Physics would be dull and life most unfulfilling if all physical phenomena around us were linear. Fortunately, we are living in nonlinear world. While linearization beautifies physics, nonlinearly provides excitement in physics.

Harmonics Generation,Frequency-mixing,

Wave-surface Correction,Image Restoration

Nonlinear Absorption

Nonlinear Refraction

Multi-photonAbsorption,

Emission, andSpectroscopy

Self-focusing Self-defocusing,

Self-action

Coherent Processes Incoherent Processes

Nonlinear OpticsNonlinear Optics

R. KiplingR. Kipling

…On absolutely

absurd,

definitely

impossible,

and unavailing.

Coherent, super-high-frequency EM radiation

focused in:

spectral interval / ~ 10-15 (monochromatic);

solid angle (targeted emission) ~(/D)2 ~ 10-15;

spot A ~ ()2 and volume V ~()3 ~ 10-15 cm -3 (focusing);

time interval ~ 2/ ~ 10-15 s

E (Q/A)1/2

WHY LASERS?WHY LASERS?

•BIOLOGY, MEDICINE, PHOTOCHEMISTRY

•ISOTOPE SEPARATION, THERMO-NUCLEAR FUSION

•OPTO-ELECTRONICS, INTEGRATED OPTICS

•OPTICAL MEMORY AND DATA STORAGE (RAM and ROM)

•ALL-OPTICAL AND QUANTUM COMPUTERS •ADAPTIVE OPTICS and WAVE–FRONT CONJUGATION •OPTICAL (FIBEROPTICAL) NETWORKING

•RANGE-FINDING, LIDARS, REMOTE SENSING

•MATERIAL PROCESSING, MICRO&NANO TECHNOLOGIES

LASER APPLICATIONSLASER APPLICATIONS

Students’ Students’ folklorefolklore

If you obtain “-i” while solving a problem,don’t be frustrated. Just multiply it by “i”.

Rectilinear Propagation,

The Law of Reflection(Catoptrics)

5000-0 5000-0 B.C.B.C. ( (TThe he AAncients)ncients)

MesopotamiaEgypt, India

5000 B.C.

Pythagoras

570-500 B.C.

Plato 427-347 B.C.

Aristotle 384-322 B.C.

Euclid

325-265 B.C.

RefractionLaw

(Dioptrics)

1200-161200-16550 (0 (MedievalMedieval))

Image Formation(Empirical Rules)

Spectacles

13 century

Two-lensMicroscopeHans Jansen

(Holland)1590-1608

Descartes, Fermat(France)

1637 Snell(Holland)

1621

TelescopesGalileo Galilei

(Italy)1609

InterferenceDiffractionDispersion

Speed of Light(Wave Optics)

1616550-180-18550 0

Grimaldi(Italy)

Diffraction

1665

Fresnel (France)1788-1827

Young (England)1801

Wave Concept Established

Huygens (Holland)

Wave ConceptIntroducedAcoustics1629-1695

Newton(England)

Corpuscular Concept

1643-1727

Roemer(Denmark)Velocity of Light

1676

Bartholin(Denmark)

Double Refraction

1669

Electro-magnetic Theory of Light

And Electron TheoryIts InteractionWith a Matter

1850-19001850-1900 Faraday (England)Concept of Field,Polarization RotationIn Magnetic Field 1848 Maxwell (Scotland)

Equations of EM Field

1864L’Rau (France)Аnomalous Dispersion dn / d 01862

Кunge (Germany)Interrelation between

Absorption and Dispersion

1872

Lebedev (Russia)Light pressure

(Direct Measurement)1899

Lorentz (Holland)Explanation1897

Rayleigh (England)Scattering

by Oscillators1871

Zeeman (Holland)Splitting

1896

Drude (Germany)Helmholtz (Germany)Lorentz (Holland)Atoms-Oscillators1896

Selmeire (Germany) Oscillators in EMF

1872

Herz (Germany)(v=с) 1888

1905 1905 EEiinstnsteeinin

Young, Fresnel, Arago,Fizeau, Lorentz

Theory of the Aether

Special Principle of RelativitySpecial Principle of Relativity

Michelson, Morley(Germany, USA)

1881, 1887

Classical Theory CompletedClassical Theory Completed

Vavilov, Cherenkov, Frank, Tamm (USSR)

1937

Gabor (Hungary) 1948Denisyuk (USSR) 1962

Holography

Planck (Planck (19001900)) EEiinstnsteeinin ( (1905 1905 , 1917), 1917)

Stokes (England)Red Shift of the Scattered Light

1850

Quantum Theory of LightQuantum Theory of Light

Hertz (Germany)Stoletov (Russia)

Photoeffect1887-1888

EXPERIMENTS EXPLAINED:EXPERIMENTS EXPLAINED:

Mandelstamm, Landsberg (USSR)Raman (India)

Raman Scattering1928

Compton (USA)Red Threshold

for the Shift of the Scattered X-Rays

1922

Bohr (1913) (Denmark)

Quantum Theory of Matter Quantum Theory of Matter ((1913 - 1930))

Discovery of Quantum Generators of EM Discovery of Quantum Generators of EM Radiation, Appearance of Laser Physics, Radiation, Appearance of Laser Physics,

Nonlinear Optics, Optoelectronics, PhotonicsNonlinear Optics, Optoelectronics, Photonics

Schroedinger (1926) (Austria)

Born, Heisenberg (Germany)

Dirac (England)

Fermi (Italy, USA)

Landau, Fock (USSR)

Pauli (Austria)

OPTICS GAVE RISE TO:OPTICS GAVE RISE TO:

1953-1955 1953-1955 BasovBasov, , ProkhorovProkhorov, , TownesTownes

MasersMasers

Maiman (USA)Solid-State Laser

1960

Javan (USA)Gas Laser

1961

Franken (USA) Frequency Doubling

1961

LasersLasers Nonlinear OpticsNonlinear Optics

Fabrikant (USSR) … Fabrikant (USSR) …

Rev. in opt

Unkown thinker.Unkown thinker.

Find out what you most of alllike to do in your life.And then do it!

E. RutherfordE. Rutherford

I think all that is very simple.

http://search.britannica.com/search?adv

Optics, light, electromagnetic radiation.

wwwwww..britanicabritanica