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5 types of shizophrenia

paranoid, disorganized,

catatonic, residual,

undiifferentiated

ABC Model

A: antecenent (situational

factors or cues) B: Behavior

C: consequences

agnesia

inability to recognize and

identity familiar objects and

people

Albert Bandura: Social

Learning Theory

personality develops from imitating

behhavioral tendencies we observce

in others. self efficacy (belief in our

ability) influences our behaviors

albert ellis

rational emotive behavioral

therapy. A- activating event, B-

belief, C- consequent affect, D-

disputing irrational belief, E-

effect

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Alfred Adler

people have a universal drive to strive for

superiority. This, no sexual pleasure is

primary motivation for behavior. failure

in meeting goals can cause feelings of

inferiority. inferiority complex (parental

pampering/neglect)

ambivalencewanting and not wanting a

particular change

anti psychotics

used to treat schizophrenia and other

acute psychotic states. hallucinations

and delusions experienced are a

result of excess dopamine in brain.

meeds inhibit activity at dopamine

rreceptors

Anti-Anxiety medications

Benzos: short term tx of anxiety

symptoms, increase GABA activity.

Neurotransmitter that inhibits

activation throughout nervous

system. Reducing the activation

reduces anxiety.

aphesiadeterioration in language

functioning

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Attribution

process whereby we assign

causes to both our own and

others behavior. we do this to

add predictability to the

situation or interaction

Behavioral Theory

helping ct learn new behaviors and

eliminate troublesome ways of

behaving. People repeat behaviors

that are rewarded and abandon

behaviors that are not rewarded or

punished

BF Skinner: Operant

Conditioning

Personality development is based on

behaviors that are either rewarded or

punished in the environment.

"personality" may just be sustained

behavioral patterns.

Bupropion

stimulant-type effect. tx of

MDD, ADHD, bipolar d/o,

chronic fatigue

Carl Jung

2 layers of unconscious. Personal

unconscious: material that has been

forgotten and not in conscious

awareness. Collective unconscious:

human race shares this. storehouse of

latent memories inherited from ancestral

past

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Carl Rogers: Client

Centered Therapy

unconditional positive regard.

responding positively but truuthfully

to whatever ct has to say. therapist

hopes to incease pts self esteem to

where ct is able to be honest about

even most difficult topics

childhood disintergrative

disorder

development regression in

multiple areas of function

following at least 2 years of

normal development

Cognitive Behavioral

Theory

assisting ct to learn more realistic

and positive ways of perceiving,

thinking about, and interpreting own

life experiences. Focus on interplay

among thoughts, emotions, and

behaviors

Cognitive Development:

Adolescense and Adulthood

Piaget: Formal Operations Stage.

ability to use formal logic, deductive

resoning, and strategy planning. Info

Processing View: gradual aquiring of

skills

Cognitive Development:

Infancy

Piaget: Sensorimotor Stage.

Understanding derived from what

they sense and do. Info-Processing

view: behavior in infancy reflects

memory limitations

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Cognitive Development:

Middle Childhood

Piaget: Concrete Operational Stage.

Ability to perform concrete operations.

Transform object, then return it to

original state. Info Processing View: age

varies for conservation tasks and ability

to perform tasks happens gradually

(language, math)

Cognitive Development:

preschool age

Piaget: Preoperational stage. Expand world

beyond limits of immediate perceptions.

ability to represent things mentally when

object not physically present. Info

processing View: those patterns of thought

are caused by the childs limited info

processing abilities

cognitive dissonance

occurs when there is a discrepancy or

inconsistency between 2 attitudes,

attitude and a behavior, or b/w attitude

and new piece of information.

discrepancy creates psychological anxiety

or tension that we are motivated to

alleviate.

Cognitive Therapy: Beck

irrational thoughts stem from

cognitive distortioons of reality. the

way we interpret situations is

syystematically biased. eliminate

buas by treating our interpretattions

as hypothesees to be tested.

concept of interfacemeeting or overlapping of

two or more systems

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confluence

blurring boundaries b/w self an

environment. belief that all people

feel and think the same way. need for

acceptance and approval. not

experiencing ones own feelings.

coorelation coefficient

examines the degree to which

variations or differences in one

variable are related to variations or

differences in another. if a correlation

exists, a 2nd score may generally be

predated from a known score.

counter transference

feelings aroused in therapist by

client. feelings have to do with

unresolved conflict from other

relationships rather than

theraputic relationship with ct.

Crisis Intervention Model

Listen: Establish relationship, ID problems,

explore emotions. Assessment: severity

determined, SI/HI, ID past coping skills,

determine pts reality perception, ID resources. Tx

plan: approaches to planning, modify coping

skills, resources. Termination: review progress,

plan for using resources to suppoorts, f/u session.

cultural pluralism

when small groups w/in a

larger society maintain their

unique cultural identity seeing

aa value in all cultures

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curative factors

used by Yalom. describes

theraputic processes that bring

about change. instillation of

hope, universality,

interpersonal learning, etc

cyclothymic disorder

mood disorder characterized by

moderate but frequent mood

swings that are not severe

enough to qualify as borderline

personality disorder

Death and Dying

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross:

Denial, Anger, Barganing,

Depression, Acceptance

deflection

avoiding contact and awareness by being

vague and indirectlly using distraction.

overuse of humor, abstract

generalizations, asking questions, rather

than making statements. diminished

emotional experience as one seeks to live

vicariously through others

dependent variable

variable that is measured.

measures possible effects.

variable observed by

researcher, behavior of

interest.

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deviation

the amount by which a

number differs from an

average or other

comparable number

displacement

transferring troublesome emotions

and acting out behaviors from person

arousing emotions to another less

threatening/less powerful person or

thing

Ecosystems Perspective

maintain focus on concept of person

in environment. various ways a ct

system may adapt to a changing

environment in order to cope,

survive, compete for needed resources

ego

reality bassed aspect of self. reasonable

choices before pleasurable demaands.

various intrapersonal processes that

mediate between primitave desires

(flight/fight) and demands of external

reality and social norms. problem solcing

part of personality

Ego Supportive Treatment

interventions that maintain

and enhance problem

solving and adjustment

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Elavil (amitriptyline)

tricyclic antidepressant, tx

depression, bulimia,

chronic pain

emic

describing the culture from

within a culture. often a

member of the culture

entropy

tendency of systems to

become disorganized, to

disintegrate

Erik Erickson

Social development. series of

challenges that people face aat each

of 8 stages from infancy to old age.

Each challenge has an outcome that

affects a persons social and

personality development.

eros

freud. driving force related to

sexual urges and preservation

of the species. sex, pleasure,

physical contact w/others.

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Ethnic Sensitive Perspective

attentive to ethnic, cultural,

and religious diversity

among clients

etic

scientificaly observing a culture from

the outside to deliver intrinsic

concepts and categorization of

scientific nature. this concept

addresses culture

extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a

behavior due to promised

rewards or threats of

punishments

Family Therapy:

Communications approach

family problems are caused

mostly by faulty

communication.

Family Therapy: Family

Systems Approach

focus on struggle of family members

to simultaneously be a part of a

family group and be individuals apart

from the family system. Tendency of

family to repeat patterns established

in prior generations.

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Family Therapy:

Integrative model

using various approaches or

types of family interventions.

social functioning/family

functioning is key

Family Therapy: Narrative

Approach

Focus on personal stories that

people use as frames of

reference to describe situation

and create meaning and

purpose.

Family Therapy: Social

Learninng Approach

concepts and techniques from behavioral

therapy. Family conflicts and problems

arise because members have not learned

basic skills such as communication,

conflict resolution, and appropriate

behavior is not reinforces w/in a family

system.

Family Therapy: Strategic

Family Therapy

primary attention is given to family

rules (unspoken/spoken) abouth how

family members should think and

behave, and distribution and use of

power

Family Therapy: Structural

Approach

focuses on family structure-

interaction of spouses, parents,

siblings. change occurs when roles

and responsibilities are clarified and

agreed on.

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fluoxetine

antidepressant, affects chemical

messengers w/in brain

(neurotransmitters). inhibits

the release of serotonin.

depression and OCD.

Freud's Psychodynamic

THeory

powerful, unconscious motivations exist in aall of

us. personality is governed by conflict b/w

opposing motives, anxiety over unacceptable

motives, and defense mechanisms that prevent

anxiety from becoming too great. all mental and

bahvioral reactions are determined by our early

experiences

General Systems

Perspective

mantaining a focus on dynamic

interplay of biological and social

systems that affect a cts behavior and

functioning. cause and effect

relationships are complex and not

predictable.

Generalist Perspective

can move b/w theories. open to use of

various models, theories, techniques,

and focus on severel levels of

intervention (micro to macro). based

on problem, goals, situation, and size

of systems targeted for change.

Gestalt Therapy: Fritz Perls

uses conversational techniques

(empty chair/2 chair techniques). to

allow patient to present

interpersonal conflict w/o need for

transference. confront "empty chair"

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Gordan Allport: Trait

Theory Of Personality

heirarchy of traits that form the structure

of personality. Cardinal traits (person

organizes life around), Central traits

(major characteristics of a person),

secondary traits (personal features that

help predict an individuals behavior, but

not useful in understanding behavior.

Hans Eysenck: Personality

Model

Personality is genetic.

Single responses, habitual

responses, traits, types

hypothesis

asserts relationshp b/w 2 variables.

defines nature of relationship.

includes empirical (number) way of

measuring relationship. avoids value

judgement.

id

primative, unconscious part of personality

storehouse of fundamental drives.

irrational acts on impulse. pushes for

expression and immediate gratification.

driven by pleasure principle. primary-

process thinking (primative, illogical,

irrational, fantasy oriented

independent variables

measures possible causes.

manipulated or controlled in a study

by the researcher. factor in

environment researcher hypothesizes

to be cause affecting behaviors of

interest.

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Information processing

view: approach to Cognitive

Development

focuses on quantitative differences in

how children proces information.

Focus on how children mentally

represent what they see and hear.

Cognitive abilities develop gradually.

intellectualization

use of abstractions as a way

of distancing one's self from

emotional pain

Interaction Model

mediating the interactions

b/w people. focus is on here

and now experiences

intrinsic motivation

describes motivations that

derive from one's interest in the

object of the motivation, rather

than from rewards that one

might gain.

introjection

tendency to uncritically

accept others beliefs and

standards w/o assmilating

to them. passive

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latent functions

the unintended

consequences of peoples

actions that help keep a

social system in equilibrium

levels of measurement

nominal data: yes/no questions.

ordinal data: can be ranked from low

to high. interval/ratio data:

categories divided into equal units.

permit more precise measures.

Ludiomil

drug used to treat

depression. depressed state

in Bipolar d/o. can use on pts

with convulsive disorders.

Maslow

needs organized in hierarchal form.

lower needs satisfied before we can

attend to higher level needs.

pysiological needs, safety needs, love

and belonging, esteem, self

actualization

mean

measure of central tendency

that requires interval/ration

level data. sum of values for a

variable divided by number of

cases

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median

used with ordinal or

interval level data.

midpoint in a distribution

milieu therapy

tx for socially and mentally

disordered indiviiduals.

takes place in an

institution.

mode

measure of central tendency.

reflects catefory that includes

most cases in a distribution

(nominal data)

mood stabilizers

treat depression, bipolar, some

personality d/o. target the

neurotransmitters norepinephrine

and/or serotonin (depleated in

depression). increase availability of these

neurotransmitters can reduce depressive

symptoms.

Narrative Family Therapy

White and Epston. Narritive

metaphor focuses on self-

defeating cognitions. consider

alternative ways of looking at

their problems

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negative entropy

forces that preserve systems

organization, promote

development.

paraphrasing

hear the ct clearly and let

them know they have been

heard

Person Centered Theory

increasing self understanding and

feelings of self worth through a non

directive helping process that

emphasizes intense listening and

reflecting of cts thoughts and

feelings.

Personal Integrated

Eclectic Model

theraputic style that can adapt

to each member in an unique

way. perspective is based on

concepts and techniques from

various theories

personality reconstruction

"boot camp". therapy where basic

structure of ct is restructured to

create an integrated individual.

Therapy makes the unconscious

conflict conscious and examines

them.

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Piaget

Cognitive Development. Schema: infants born with

mental structure that organizes perceptual input

and connect it to appropriate response.

assimilation: incorporating new information into

existing schema. accomodation: alteration of

existing schema to adapt to new information.

equilibration: change in thinking allows child to fit

pieces of knowledge together

picaeating of nutrious

substances

positive reinterpretation

reframing a members negative

behavior into a positive light.

member is able to view his behavior

as more manageable. leader able to

see behavior in compassionate light.

Principle of equifinality

same end. a single effect or

outcome may result from

several different causes

principle of multifinality

many ends. a single action

(one cause) may produce

many different effects or

outcomes.

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probability

reports likelihood of a

particular distribution

occuring by chance if a

normal distribution is

assumed

projection

others are seen as being

responsible for one's own

shortcomings or

unacceptable behavior

Psychodynamic Theory

helping individuals understand

better their thoughts and conflicting

feelings. recognizes power of

emotions and inner conflicts that

arise in trying to cope with them in a

socially acceptable manner

reaction formation

person defends against

troublesome thoughts, feelings,

impulses by rigidly adhering to

exactly opposite set of thoughts

and behaviors

reflecting

re-stating the effective section

of cts msg. demonstrate

emotional awareness so ct

feels understood.

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reliabilityconsistancy, stability, and

dependability

retroflection

we may do something to

self that one really wanted

to do or would have done to

someone else

rhetts disorder

head growth deceleration,

loss of hand skills,

impairments in

coordination

rumination disorder

repeated regurigitation,

rechewing of food w/o the

apparent nausea or disgust.

self preservationstrive to meet the needs of

hunger and thirst

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Social Development:

Adolescense

Identity vs. Role Confusion

(ages of adolescense).

opportunity to develop an

integrated sense of self as

distinct from other people

Social Development: Death

and Dying

1) reponse to death of loved

one and 2) response to our

own impending death

Social Development: Early

Adulthood

Intimacy vs Isolation. main

concern is to develop

capacity to share intimacy

with others.

Social Development: Early

Childhood

Autonomy vs Shame and

Doubt (1-3yrs). Toilet

training and some

independence

Social Development:

Infancy

Trust vs. Mistrust: (1st yr)

care and attachment

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Social Development:

Middle Adulthood

generativity vs Stagnation.

sense of responsibility to guide

the next generation and be

meaningfully productive in

one's work.

Social Development:

Middle Childhood

Industry vs Inferiority (6-11 yrs).

children start learning skills of their

culture. social funtioning extends

beyond family to school and

neighborhood

Social Development: Old

Age

Self Integrity vs despair.

reflect on lives and see

themselves as productive

and satisfying

Social Development:

Preschool age

Initiative vs Guilt (ages 3-6).

function socially w/in family, try new

activities, learning to balance

initiative against others desires and

needs

Solution Focused Model

brief therapy; 1-12 sessions. focuses

on nature of ct's solutions to a

problem rather than nature of the

problem. emphasizes solution finding

by the ct.

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standard deviation

tells how much dispersion from the

mean exists in the scores of the

sample being studies. the more the

scores deviate from the mean, greater

the SD score

Strategic Family Therapy

Erickson and Haley. brief therapy. focus

on the process, not the past. focus on

communication- report vs. command.

goals of therapy: 1) define resolvable

complaints. 2) identify attempted

solutions. 3) understand languate for

describing problems

Strengths Perspective

Purpose is to ensure that sowkr

is attentive to client strengths.

Provides conterbalance to ct

problems and pathology

Structural Model

giving adequate and appropriate

attention to cts social environment

and to social change. Change cts

environment first. problems viewed

as manifestation of inadequate social

arrangements

Super Ego

storehouse of an individuals

values and moral attitudes

learned from society and

parents. morality principle;

insists on doing what is right

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Task Centered Model

use of an intervention structure that

emphasizes action steps by the ct.

belief that people are more likely to

change as a result of taking action

than as a result of simply discussing

their thoughts and feelings.

Transactional Analysis

Eric Berne. Focuses on interactions of ppl.

Relies on Id, Ego, Superego, thepry of

personality, and an organized system of

interactional therapy. We make current

decisions based on past premises that were

at one time appropriate for our survival

Transference

a clients thoughts, feelings,

and conflicts from past and

current relationships onto

the therapist

validity

meaningful, actually

meaning what you intend to

measure

variancemeasures degree of

dispersion or scatter

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what to do next questions

Feelings, Assess, Refer,

Educate, Advocate,

Facilitate, Intervene