le rocce sedimentarie. sediments and sedimentary rocks tom bean/drk
TRANSCRIPT
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Le rocce sedimentarie
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Sediments and Sediments and Sedimentary RocksSedimentary Rocks
Tom Bean/DRK
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Fig. 3.4
How common are sedimentary rocks?
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Rocce formate dalla consolidazione di frammenti di rocce preesistenti o
precipitate chimicamente per soluzione
Il termine sedimentazione indica la deposizione e l’accumulo , su terre emerse o sul fondo di bacini acquei
di materiali di varia origine, inorganica o anche organica, dopo
che questi sono stati trasportati dagli agenti esogeni
Rocce sedimentarieRocce sedimentarie
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Origine dei sedimenti(in ordine decrescente)
1. Disgregazione in frammenti di rocce preesistenti
2. Gusci e resti solidi di organismi animali e vegetali
3. Sabbie eoliche
4. Ceneri vulcaniche
5. Polveri cosmiche
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Sedimentary Stages in the Rock Cycle
Fig. 7.1
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Ambienti sedimentari
I Processi sedimentari avvengono in diversi ambienti, detti AMBIENTI SEDIMENTARI, la maggior parte dei quali in ambiente subacqueo.
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Fig. 7.5
Comuni ambienti sedimentariComuni ambienti sedimentari
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Diagenesi
Il lento passaggio da sedimenti freschi a rocce sedimentarie vere e proprie avviene
per un insieme di processi che complessivamente vanno sotto il nome di Diagenesi. Tra questi il più comune è la
litificazione che avviene per compattazione e cementazione
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From sediment to sedimentary From sediment to sedimentary rock rock
(lithification)(lithification)Compaction: reduces pore spaceClays and muds are up to 60% water; 10% water after compaction.Cementation: chemical
precipitation of mineral material between grains (SiO2, CaCO3, Fe2O3) binds sediment into hard rockRecrystallization: P and T
increase with burial 30°C/km or 1°C/33 m
2
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Fig. 7.12
CompattazioneCompattazione
CementazioneCementazione
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Prodotti della litificazioneProdotti della litificazioneArgilla Argillite
Fango, limo Lutite
Sabbia Arenaria
Ghiaia Conglomerati
Fango e sabbia calcarea Calcari e dolomie
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Rex Elliott Fig. 7.2
Well-sorted Sand
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Poorly-sorted Sand
Rex Elliott Fig. 7.2
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Sand
Fig. 6.19Rex Elliot
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Suddivisione
Solo per comodità le rocce sedimentarie vengono suddivise in
. Rocce clastiche
. Rocce organogene
. Rocce chimiche
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Fig. 7.14
Abbondanza Abbondanza relativa delle relativa delle
rocce rocce sedimentariesedimentarie
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Rocce clastiche
• Conglomerati
• Arenarie
• Argille
• Marne
• Piroclastiti
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Fig. 7.15a
Conglomerate
Breck Kent
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Fig. 7.15bFig. 7.15a
Sandstone
Breck Kent
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Fig. 7.15c
Shale
D. Cavagnaro/Visuals Unlimited
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Peter Kresan Fig. 7.6
Cross-bedded Sandstone
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Reg Morrison/Auscape Fig. 7.8
Ancient Ripple-marked Sandstone
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MODERN ANCIENT
Mudcracks
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Fletcher & Baylis/Photo Reseaerchers Fig. 7.11
Partial Alluvial Cycles in China
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Rocce organogene
• Rocce carbonatiche
• Rocce silicee
• Carboni fossili
• Idrocarburi
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Chip Clark
Bioturbation Tracks and Tunnels
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Breck Kent Fig. 7.19a
Limestone
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Calcare fossilifero
Peter Kresan
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Rocce di origine chimica
• Evaporiti
• Carbonati, dolomie e rocce silicee di origine evaporitica
• Rocce residuali
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Types of chemical Types of chemical sedimentary rocks sedimentary rocks
Limestone CaCO3
Chert SiO2
Salt NaCl, KCl, K2SO4
Gypsum CaSO4 • 2H2O
Coal altered organic debris
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Breck Kent Fig. 7.19d
Selce
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Breck Kent Fig. 7.19b
Gypsum
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One Model for theOne Model for the Formation of Evaporites Formation of Evaporites
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Processes of the rock Processes of the rock cyclecycle• Disgregazione Weathering
• Erosione
• Trasporto
• Deposito (sedimentazione)
• Seppellimento
• Diagenesi
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Fine