leading effective teams & working in groups

8/3/2019 Leading Effective Teams & Working in Groups

1/25


2/25

Fundamental Group Dynamics

What Is a Group?

Two or more freely interacting individuals who share acommon identity and purpose.

Types of Groups Informal groups: a collection of people seeking friendship

and acceptance that satisfies esteem needs.

Formal groups: a collection of people created to dosomething productive that contributes to the success of the

larger organization.


3/25

What Does It Take to Make a Group?


4/25

Fundamental Group Dynamics(contd)

Attraction to Groups

Attractiveness of the group

Cohesiveness of the group

Roles

Socially determined ways of behaving in a specificposition.

A set of expectations concerning what a person must,must not, or may do in a position.

The actual behavior of a person who occupies theposition.


5/25


Norms

The standards (degrees of acceptability andunacceptability) for conduct that help individuals

judge what is right or good or bad in a given socialsetting.

Are culturally derived and vary from one culture toanother.

Are usually unwritten, yet have a strong influence onindividual behavior.

May go above and beyond formal rules and writtenpolicies.


6/25


Reasons that groups enforce norms

To facilitate the survival of the group.

To simplify or clarify role expectations.

To help group members avoid embarrassingsituations.

To express key group values and enhance the

groups unique identity.

Ostracism

Rejection by the group for violation of its norms.


7/25

Group Dynamics

Effective group dynamics requires

Respect for one another

Clearly articulated shared goals

Frequent interaction Shared decision-making power (with or without a formally designated

leader)

Equitably divided tasks

Shared responsibility for mistakes and successes

Free expression of opinions, perspectives, & constructive criticism


8/25

Respect

Without respect, you do not have a team, but simply a collection of individualsworking on individual tasks.

You express respect by

Listening carefully to others

Recognizing the strengths and limitations of others

Acknowledging accomplishments of others

Honest communication

A little rudeness and disrespect can elevate ameaningless interaction to a battle of wills andadd drama to an otherwise dull day.

Bill Watterson, Calvin and Hobbes


9/25

Group Development

Characteristics of a Mature Group

Members are aware of each others assets and liabilities.

Individual differences are accepted.

The groups authority and interpersonal relationships arerecognized.

Group decisions are made through rational discussion.

Conflict is over group issues, not emotional issues.

Members are aware of the groups processes and their ownroles in them.


10/25

Six Stages of Group Development

Stage 1: Orientation Uncertainty about most everything is high.

Stage 2: Conflict and change Subgroups struggle for control; roles are undefined.

Stage 3: Cohesion Consensus on leadership, structure, and procedures

is reached. Stage 4: Delusion

Members misperceive that the group has reachedmaturity.


11/25

Six Stages of Group Development(contd)

Stage 5: Disillusion

Subgroups form; disenchantment, diminishedcohesiveness and commitment to the group.

Stage 6: Acceptance

A trusted and influential group member stepsforward and moves the group from conflict to

cohesion so that it becomes highly effective andefficient.

Member expectations are more realistic.


12/25

Five Types of Teams

Work Team A group of people with complementary skillswho are committed to a common purpose.

Problem-Solving Team A temporary combination ofworkers who gather to solve a specific problem and

then disband.

Self-Managed Team A work team empowered with theauthority to decide how its members complete their daily tasks.

Cross-Functional Team A team made up of members from different

functions, such as production, marketing, and finance.Virtual Team Group of geographically or organizationally dispersed co-

workers who use a combination of telecommunications and

information technologies to accomplish an organizational task.
http://humanresources.about.com/od/involvementteams/http://humanresources.about.com/od/involvementteams/http://humanresources.about.com/od/involvementteams/


13/25

TEAM CHARACTERISTICS

Team Size

Can range widely, but most have fewer than 12 members.

Research says ideal size is often 6 or 7 members.

Team Level and Team Diversity

Team Level Average level of ability, experience, personality, or any other factor

on a team.

Team Diversity Variances or differences in ability, experience, personality, orany other factor on a team.


14/25


15/25

Team Cohesiveness and NormsTeam Cohesiveness Extent to which team members feel attracted tothe team and motivated to remain part of it.

Typically increases when members interact frequently, share common

attitudes and goals, and enjoy being together.

Cohesive teams quickly achieve high levels of performance and

consistently perform better.

Team Norm Informal standard of conduct shared by team membersthat guides their behavior.

Can be positive or negative.


16/25

Team ConflictConflict - Antagonistic interaction in which one partyattempts to thwart the intentions or goals of another.

Cognitive conflict focuses on problem-related differences

of opinion

Reconciling these differences strongly improves team

performance.

Affective conflict refers to the emotional reactions that

can occur when disagreements become personal rather

than professional.

Strongly decreases team performance.


17/25

Obstacles for Team Performance

Your Leader Is the Weak Link.

Personal Conflicts Are Taking Over.

Only a Few Carry the Team's Load. Self-Interest Is the Name of the Game.

Team Composition.

Team Size


18/25

Advice for Managers

Setting Group Goals Professional goals

Design on-time and within budget, effectivedocumentation, satisfied customers, etc.

Personal goals

Develop leadership skills, improve publicspeaking skills, learn new technical skills, etc.

Social goals

Betterment of society, assistive devices for thedisabled, create employment, etc.


19/25

Competition

Definition:Theactofseeking,orendeavoringtogain,whatanotherisendeavoringtogainatthesametime;commonstrifeforthesame

objects; strifeforsuperiority;emulouscontest;rivalry,asforapprobation,foraprize,oraswheretwoormore persons areengagedinthe

samebusinessandeachseekingpatronage;followedbyforbeforetheobjectsought,andwithbeforethepersonorthingcompetedwith.
http://ardictionary.com/The/2611http://ardictionary.com/Act/1734http://ardictionary.com/Of/869http://ardictionary.com/Seeking/3950http://ardictionary.com/Or/1924http://ardictionary.com/Endeavoring/2648http://ardictionary.com/To/4489http://ardictionary.com/Gain/128http://ardictionary.com/What/2034http://ardictionary.com/Another/6424http://ardictionary.com/Is/7341http://ardictionary.com/Endeavoring/2648http://ardictionary.com/To/4489http://ardictionary.com/Gain/128http://ardictionary.com/At/9982http://ardictionary.com/The/2611http://ardictionary.com/Same/773http://ardictionary.com/Time/4099http://ardictionary.com/Common/8866http://ardictionary.com/Strife/16611http://ardictionary.com/For/4655http://ardictionary.com/The/2611http://ardictionary.com/Same/773http://ardictionary.com/Strife/16611http://ardictionary.com/For/4655http://ardictionary.com/Superiority/18938http://ardictionary.com/Emulous/2326http://ardictionary.com/Contest/11311http://ardictionary.com/Rivalry/6881http://ardictionary.com/As/9128http://ardictionary.com/For/4655http://ardictionary.com/Approbation/7863http://ardictionary.com/For/4655http://ardictionary.com/A/1http://ardictionary.com/Prize/11998http://ardictionary.com/Or/1924http://ardictionary.com/As/9128http://ardictionary.com/Where/2150http://ardictionary.com/Two/8946http://ardictionary.com/Or/1924http://ardictionary.com/More/7018http://ardictionary.com/Are/8392http://ardictionary.com/Engaged/2927http://ardictionary.com/In/1915http://ardictionary.com/The/2611http://ardictionary.com/Same/773http://ardictionary.com/Business/9341http://ardictionary.com/And/5818http://ardictionary.com/Each/4http://ardictionary.com/Seeking/3950http://ardictionary.com/Patronage/2517http://ardictionary.com/Followed/4444http://ardictionary.com/By/9543http://ardictionary.com/For/4655http://ardictionary.com/Before/2488http://ardictionary.com/The/2611http://ardictionary.com/Object/141http://ardictionary.com/Sought/3949http://ardictionary.com/And/5818http://ardictionary.com/With/3383http://ardictionary.com/Before/2488http://ardictionary.com/The/2611http://ardictionary.com/Person/4420http://ardictionary.com/Or/1924http://ardictionary.com/Thing/3049http://ardictionary.com/Competed/9169http://ardictionary.com/With/3383http://ardictionary.com/With/3383http://ardictionary.com/Competed/9169http://ardictionary.com/Thing/3049http://ardictionary.com/Or/1924http://ardictionary.com/Person/4420http://ardictionary.com/The/2611http://ardictionary.com/Before/2488http://ardictionary.com/With/3383http://ardictionary.com/And/5818http://ardictionary.com/Sought/3949http://ardictionary.com/Object/141http://ardictionary.com/The/2611http://ardictionary.com/Before/2488http://ardictionary.com/For/4655http://ardictionary.com/By/9543http://ardictionary.com/Followed/4444http://ardictionary.com/Patronage/2517http://ardictionary.com/Seeking/3950http://ardictionary.com/Each/4http://ardictionary.com/And/5818http://ardictionary.com/Business/9341http://ardictionary.com/Same/773http://ardictionary.com/The/2611http://ardictionary.com/In/1915http://ardictionary.com/Engaged/2927http://ardictionary.com/Are/8392http://ardictionary.com/More/7018http://ardictionary.com/Or/1924http://ardictionary.com/Two/8946http://ardictionary.com/Where/2150http://ardictionary.com/As/9128http://ardictionary.com/Or/1924http://ardictionary.com/Prize/11998http://ardictionary.com/A/1http://ardictionary.com/For/4655http://ardictionary.com/Approbation/7863http://ardictionary.com/For/4655http://ardictionary.com/As/9128http://ardictionary.com/Rivalry/6881http://ardictionary.com/Contest/11311http://ardictionary.com/Emulous/2326http://ardictionary.com/Superiority/18938http://ardictionary.com/For/4655http://ardictionary.com/Strife/16611http://ardictionary.com/Same/773http://ardictionary.com/The/2611http://ardictionary.com/For/4655http://ardictionary.com/Strife/16611http://ardictionary.com/Common/8866http://ardictionary.com/Time/4099http://ardictionary.com/Same/773http://ardictionary.com/The/2611http://ardictionary.com/At/9982http://ardictionary.com/Gain/128http://ardictionary.com/To/4489http://ardictionary.com/Endeavoring/2648http://ardictionary.com/Is/7341http://ardictionary.com/Another/6424http://ardictionary.com/What/2034http://ardictionary.com/Gain/128http://ardictionary.com/To/4489http://ardictionary.com/Endeavoring/2648http://ardictionary.com/Or/1924http://ardictionary.com/Seeking/3950http://ardictionary.com/Of/869http://ardictionary.com/Act/1734http://ardictionary.com/The/2611


20/25

If you're not making mistakes, you're not

taking risks, and that means you're not

going anywhere. The key is to make

mistakes faster than the competition, so youhave more changes to learn and win.

John W. Holt, Jr. quotes
http://thinkexist.com/quotes/john_w._holt,_jr./http://thinkexist.com/quotes/john_w._holt,_jr./


21/25

Competition between Groups

Competition has both harmful and useful effects on groups.

The most harmful effects are that groups developcompeting or conflicting goals, and lose their ability to

communicate and cooperate with one another. The most useful effects are that groups develop strong

ties and loyalty (cohesiveness0 among members, andthere is a high regard for the task.

In order to obtain the most benefit from inter-groupcompetition, organizations need to reward groups on thebasis of their contribution to the common good,encourage inter-group communication and

collaboration, and avoid win-lose issues between groups.


22/25

Dysfunctional Competition

It seeks to benefit an individual/group/organism bydamaging and/or eliminating competing individuals,groups and/or organisms;

It opposes the desire for mutual survival. It is winnertakes all, the rationale being that the challenge is a zero-sum game

the success of one group is dependent on the failure ofthe other competing groups.

D. competition tends to promote fear, a "strike-first"mentality and embraces certain forms oftrespass.
http://www.answers.com/topic/organismhttp://www.answers.com/topic/zero-sumhttp://www.answers.com/topic/zero-sumhttp://www.answers.com/topic/trespasshttp://www.answers.com/topic/trespasshttp://www.answers.com/topic/zero-sumhttp://www.answers.com/topic/zero-sumhttp://www.answers.com/topic/zero-sumhttp://www.answers.com/topic/organism


23/25

Functional Competition

It is based upon promoting mutual survival -everyone wins.

Adam Smiths invisible hand is a process where

individuals compete to improve their level ofhappiness but compete in a cooperative mannerthrough peaceful exchange and without violatingother people.

F. competition focusesindividuals/groups/organisms against theenvironment.
http://www.answers.com/topic/adam-smithhttp://www.answers.com/topic/invisible-hand-1http://www.answers.com/topic/organismhttp://www.answers.com/topic/organismhttp://www.answers.com/topic/invisible-hand-1http://www.answers.com/topic/adam-smith


24/25

Cooperation

Cooperation is the process of working or actingtogether, which can be accomplished by bothintentional and non-intentional agents.

In its simplest form it involves things working inharmony, side by side, while in its morecomplicated forms, it can involve something as

complex as the inner workings of a human beingor even the social patterns of a nation.


25/25

Cooperation in Organization

There are four main conditions that tend to benecessary for cooperative behavior to developbetween two individuals:

An overlap in desires

A chance of future encounters with the sameindividual

Memory of past encounters with that individual

A value associated with future outcomes

leading effective teams & working in groups

Documents