Leading to War

• During the first half of the nineteenth century the United States saw enormous growth in population, territory, and economy– Population and land both increased by four times– Grows national product increased by seven times

• With this incredible increase, along with the invention of the cotton gin (TOK), the cotton industry grew exponentially and became vital for the southern economy

Leading to War

• Incomes rise and so does the economic gap• People move from farms to cities as businesses

move from the homes to factories• Ethnic conflict between British Protestants and

German/Irish Catholics• SLAVERY- fading out of the North, boarder states,

and urban areas while remaining a cultural part of the southern economy– Northerners viewed slavery as against the founding

principles

Leading to War

Political Objectives for the North

• High tariff, a high tax on imports to help promote the North’s growing industry.

• Federal aid in development of infrastructure– Roads, canals and bridges

• Loose immigration policy, which would provide cheap labor

• Availability of free or cheap western lands for investment

• Containment of slavery

Political Objectives of the South

• Low tariffs, promote cotton trade with Britain• The expansion of slavery • Higher cost of western lands, allow planters to

control the market• Forbid the movement of slaves to the free

north

Spread of Slavery

• The north feared the spread of slavery to the west because they feared it threatened the idea of capitalism.

• Missouri Compromise(1820) – with the creation of new states the battle was on if they should be free or slave states.

• To maintain balance in the Senate, Henry Clay came up with the 36/30 degree line.– North of the line free states; South of the line slave states

• Allowing Maine to come into the Union as a free state and allowing Missouri to come in as a slave state.

• Avoided war for 40 more years

Spread of Slavery

• 1828, Congress passed a tariff that protected Northern Industry.

• The South, led by then Vice President of the United States John C. Calhoun, believed they could nullify this legislation and not pay any taxes.

• Andrew Jackson, who was the President at the time, stated that if anyone from the South refused to pay or collect taxes that he himself would personally hand that person to the nearest tree. – Calhoun resigned as Vice President after that statement

Spread of Slavery

• Mexican American War broke out in 1846-47• Texas led by Sam Houston claimed their

independence from Mexico and wanted to annex to the United States.

• The United States annexed Texas in 1845, however Mexico did not let hold of their claim to Texas thus sparking the Mexican American War

Spread of Slavery

• August of 1846, David Wilmont proposed the Wilmont Proviso, which tried to end slavery in all territory that was taken from Mexico.

• The this time there was 15 free states and 15 slave states in the Senate

• Passed in the house but failed in the Senate– It was once again reintroduced later that same year and

once again passed in the house but failed in the Senate• South threatened to succeed from the Union if the

Wilmont Proviso was passed

Spread of Slavery

• Treaty of Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican American War– US had to pay Mexico 15 million for Texas and other areas– Established the Mexican-American border of the Rio Grande– Mexico had to give the United States present-day Texas, �

California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and Utah, and parts of Washington and Colorado

– Mexican citizens could relocate or become American citizens �with full civil rights, 90% stayed

• Tried to reintroduce Texas coming in as a free state into the treaty, however it was denied

Gold Rush

• 1849, over 100,000 new people rushed into California to strike it rich.

• Giving California enough people to apply to become part of the Union, they applied as a free state.

• South said that if they accept them in the Union as a free state then they will succeed from the Union

Compromise of 1850

• Henry Clay proposed the Compromise of 1850– California would enter as a free state– Slave trade would now be illegal in Washington DC– New Mexico and Utah would be able to enter into

the Union by a popular vote of the state to be free or slave.

Bleeding Kansas

• Stephen A Douglas a senator from Illinois, wanted to get the railroad through his state.

• He needed the help of the southern senators so he created a legislation called the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854– Nebraska Territory would be broken into two Kansas and

Nebraska– They would be allowed to determine slavery based upon

popular sovereignty• The act was going against the Missouri Compromise

line of 36/30 degree

Bleeding Kansas

• The Act passed in both houses of Congress and was signed by President Pierce.

• Charles Sumner, a northern senator gave a speech that humiliated the Southern way of life, saying that slavery was like rapping a virgin.

• The next day Charles Sumner was nearly beat to death by Preston Brooks, a southern congressman, on the floor of the Senate

• Northerners and Westerners were outraged raced to the territory to protest. (violent)

• John Brown led a lot of the anti-slavery attacks in Kansas.

Dred Scott Decision (1857)

• Dred Scott was a slave that was taken from Missouri, a slave state, to Wisconsin, a free state.

• Dred Scott sued for his freedoms based upon the fact that slavery was banned in Wisconsin.

• Roger Taney, was the chief justice of the Supreme Court, he ruled;– Slaves were considered to be property, therefore

Congress can not take property away from a person– Also the Constitution had no citizen rights for blacks,

therefor Scott had no rights to sue for his freedoms

Republican Party

• Republican party was formed based upon the dislike of the spread of slavery in the United States

• They were formed from:– Free Soilers, did not want spread of slavery– Northern Capitalists, feared slavery affected American

economy– Abolitionist– Northern Democrats– Whigs that didn’t believe in slavery

Harpers Ferry Raid (1859)

• John Brown led a group of abolitionist to Harpers Ferry, VA and seized a federal arsenal

• John Brown believed that the only way to end slavery was with violence.

• Brown was met at Harpers Ferry by the Federal Army led by Robert E Lee.

• Brown was captured and hung for his crimes against the country.

Election of 1860

• Republican- Abraham Lincoln – Contain slavery• Northern Democrats – Stephen Douglas –

Popular Sovereignty• Southern Democrats – opposed the containment

of slavery• Lincoln wins despite the fact of only getting 39%

of the popular vote and not even getting on the ballot in most Southern States

• Split of the Democratic party helped him win

South Carolina Secedes

• South Carolina believed the future of southern life would be threatened in Congress, so in 1860 they succeeded from the Union followed by 6 other states

• Created the Confederate States of America– Elected Jefferson Davis President of the Confederate

• Other southern states were waiting to see what Lincoln would do once he entered office

• Kentucky senator, John Crittenden tried to create a compromise that would take the nation back to the Missouri Compromise of 1820, however it failed

• War is close