learn english online.docx
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Learn English OnlineWorld Class Learning will help you to improve your english skills. Learning english should be ones hobby. There are many ways of improving your skills. We have covered many topics of English Grammar which will help you a lot in your journey. While preparing tutorial we kept in mind student whose English is second Language (ESL) and English as foreign Langauge (EFL).
English GrammarParts of Speech
1) Noun
Plural Nouns
2) Pronoun
3) Learn English Verbs
Learn Verbs in all the three forms 1000 Verbs with its forms 200 Irregular Verbs with its forms Phrasal verb
o See Multi-word verb Phrasal-prepositional verb
o Multi-word verb Phrasal Verbs A-Z Auxiliaries
4) Adverb
5) Adjective
Degree of Comparison
6) Preposition
7) Conjunction
8) Interjection
NOUNS1) Noun
A noun is a word used to identify any of a class to people, places, or thing animals, objects, substances, states, events and feelings.
Nouns can be a subject or an object of a verb, can be modified by an adjective and can take an article or determiner.
There are six distinct groups of nouns.
1) Common Nouns
It is a word that speaks of something only in a general way like books, person. Common Nouns can be written in singular form or plural.
Common Nouns are not capitalised.
2) Proper Nouns
Proper Nouns name a very specific person, place or a thing. Proper Nouns always begin with a capital letter. For Example : Madam Curie, Steve Jobs, London.
3) Concrete Nouns
Concrete Nouns is something that appeals to our senses. Any noun that we can experience or identify through one of our five senses (taste, touch, smell, see & hear)
For instance: Doughnut, Trees, Animals.
4) Abstract Nouns
On the contrary, Abstract Noun is a noun which cannot be identified by our five senses.
For Example: Intelligence, Stupidity, Anger
5) Collective Nouns
Collective Nouns are words used to name people, places and things in terms of Unit. They are naming words used for many animals, things, person and places taken together as units. For Instance: class, flock, heard & family etc.
6) Compound Nouns
New words can be formed by combining two or more words, thus creating a compound word.
For Example: Well-being, already
Plural NounsFor the plural form of most nouns, add s.
Regular Nouns
bottle – bottles cup – cups elephant - elephants pencil – pencils desk – desks sticker – stickers table - tables truck - trucks window – windows
Irregular Nouns
For nouns that end in ch, x, s, is or s sounds, add es.
box – boxes cross - crosses loss - losses watch – watches mass – masses bus – buses analysis - analyses crisis - crises
For nouns ending in f or fe, change f to v and add es.
wolf – wolves wife – wives leaf – leaves
life – lives thief - thieves shelf - shelves
For nouns ending in o, change to oes.
echo – echoes hero – heroes tomato – tomatoes
But o change to os
auto - autos kangaroo - kangaroos kilo - kilos memo - memos photo - photos piano - pianos pimento - pimentos pro - pros radio – radios solo - solos soprano - sopranos studio - studios tattoo - tattoos video - videos zoo - zoos
Some nouns have different plural forms.
child – children woman – women man – men mouse – mice goose – geese
Nouns ending in vowels like y or o do not have definite rules.
baby – babies toy – toys kidney – kidneys potato – potatoes memo – memos stereo – stereos criterion - criteria phenomenon - phenomena
A few nouns have the same singular and plural forms.
sheep – sheep deer – deer series – series species – species
PRONOUN PRONOUN Pronoun takes the place of, or refer to, a specific noun in a sentence.
Categories and Cases 1. Personal Pronouns Personal Pronouns can refer to the speaker/speakers (first person) or those being spoken to (second
person), or those who are spoken about (third person).
Subjective Case Personal Pronouns First Person Second Person Third PersonSingular I you he,she,itPlural we you they
Objective case pronouns are used as objects in a sentence.
Objective Case Personal Pronouns First Person Second Person Third PersonSingular me you him, her, itPlural us you them
Personal pronouns can also show possession - to whom something belongs.
Possessive Case Personal Pronouns First Person Second Person Third PersonSingular my, mine your, yours his, her, hers, itsPlural our, ours your, yours their, theirs
2. Reflexive Pronouns Reflexive pronouns are used to show a subject performing some kind of action upon itself. Reflexive
pronouns can act only as objects in a sentence never as subjects.
Reflexive Case Personal Pronouns First Person Second Person Third PersonSingular myself yourself himself, herself, itselfPlural ourselves yourselves themselves
3. Demonstrative Pronouns Demonstrative pronouns refer to things in relation to number and distance.
Demonstrative Case Personal Pronouns Near FarSingular This ThatPlural These Those
4. Indefinite Pronouns Indefinite Pronouns can refer to unspecified people, places or things.
Singular Plural Both ( Singluar/Plural)another anyone no one both allanybody anything nobody few mosteveryone everybody one many noneeach either somebody something
5. Distributive Pronouns Distributive Pronoun refers to the members of the representative group and are called distributive
forms. Each, everyone, either and neither are the distributive forms. 6. Interrogative Pronouns Interrogative Pronouns are pronouns that begin questions : who, whom, whose, which and what. 7. Relative Pronouns Relative Pronoun are that, which, who and whom - which relate to another noun that precedes it in
the sentence.
English - VerbsA verb is a word that used to denote an action, the condition of the subject or what is possessed by the subject.
Object of a Verb
If we ask what or whom after the verb, the answer we get is the object of the verb.
Kinds of Verbs
1) Transitive Verb
A verb which requires an object to complete its meaning is called a Transitive Verb.
2) Intrasitive Verb
A verb which does not require an object to complete its meaning, but makes good sense by itself, is called an intransitive verb.
3) Incomplete Predication
Transitive and intransitive verbs which need the help of some word or words to complete the sense of the sentences are called verbs of incomplete predication.
English - Auxiliariesam, is, are, was, were, do, does, did, have, has, had are called Primary Auxiliaries.
Will, shall, would, should, can, could, may, might, ought to, must, need are called Modal Auxiliaries.
The Primary Auxiliaries can be used as helping verbs as well as principal verbs.
The Modal Auxiliaries are always used as helping verbs. In other words they cannot be used as Principal verbs.
Eg., AmI am a software professional. I am working for Wipro.
In the above first sentence ‘am’ was used as a principal verb and in the second it was used as a helping verb.
IsHe is a doctor. He is performing a surgery at the movement.
AreWe are students of Hansraj College. We are participating in a football tournament here.
WasKalidasa was a great poet. Gopal was riding a bi-cycle when he was hit by a scooter.
WereThey were my classmates in Dehradun. They were going to Goa when their train met with an accident.
HaveI have many grammar books at home. I have read all of them.
Has He has a laptop with him.He has put it in his briefcase.
HadI had a beautiful pen. I had bought it in 2004.
DoThey do their work sincerely. They do not go home before 8 pm.
DoesHe does his work efficiently. He does not waste even a single minute.
DidShe did her job. Did she come to office yesterday?
Modal Auxiliaries Modal Auxiliaries can only be used as a helping verb.
Will – It is used to express intention. It is normally used in future tense. We will go to Jaisalmer next week.
They will visit our place in February. Will they accompany you for lunch?
Would – It is the past form of will.He would complete his work by this time tomorrow. She would be going for her dance classes from next week. Would you like to have a glass of water?
Shall Shall I take leave tomorrow?Shall we go on a picnic next week?Shall we have coffee in CP?
Should You should pay attention in the class.Should I accompany her to her house?You should drink two glasses of water daily in the morning.
May – It is used to indicate possibility. I may come to your house tomorrow. It may rain in the evening. Government may hike the price of petrol and diesel. May I borrow your book for a couple of days?
Might – It is the past form of may and is used to express less certain situations. I might take a leave tomorrow. Dad might come to office the day after tomorrow. Mid term elections might be announced in mid March.
1000 English Verbs FormsProper use of verbs is very important to speak and write correct English. Every verb has three forms (Base Form, Past Form, Past Participle Form) followed by its ‘ing’ form. We are presenting you verb list in a easy to learn form. It has been segregated as follows :
Following is the list of Verbs in it's forms
S.No. Base Form Past Form Past Participle Form s / es/ ies ‘ing’ form
1 abash abashed abashed abashes abashing
2 abate abated abated abates abating
3 abide abode abode abides abiding
4 absorb absorbed absorbed absorbs absorbing
5 accept accepted accepted accepts accepting
6 accompany accompanied accompanied accompanies accompanying
7 ache ached ached aches aching
8 achieve achieved achieved achieves achieving
9 acquire acquired acquired acquires acquiring
10 act acted acted acts acting
11 add added added adds adding
12 address addressed addressed addresses addressing
13 adjust adjusted adjusted adjusts adjusting
14 admire admired admired admires admiring
15 admit admitted admitted admits admitting
16 advise advised advised advises advising
17 afford afforded afforded affords affording
18 agree agreed agreed agrees agreeing
19 alight alit alit alights alighting
20 allow allowed allowed allows allowing
21 animate animated animated animates animating
22 announce announced announced announces announcing
23 answer answered answered answers answering
24 apologize apologized apologized apologizes apologizing
25 appear appeared appeared appears appearing
26 applaud applauded applauded applauds applauding
27 apply applied applied applies applying
28 approach approached approached approaches approaching
29 approve approved approved approves approving
30 argue argued argued argues arguing
31 arise arose arisen arises arising
32 arrange arranged arranged arranges arranging
33 arrest arrested arrested arrests arresting
34 ask asked asked asks asking
35 assert asserted asserted asserts asserting
36 assort assorted assorted assorts assorting
37 astonish astonished astonished astonishes astonishing
38 attack attacked attacked attacks attacking
39 attend attended attended attends attending
40 attract attracted attracted attracts attracting
41 audit audited audited audits auditing
42 avoid avoided avoided avoids avoiding
43 awake awoke awoken awakes awaking
44 bang banged banged bangs banging
45 banish banished banished banishes banishing
46 bash bashed bashed bashes bashing
47 bat batted batted bats batting
48 be (am,are) was / were been is being
49 bear bore born bears bearing
50 bear bore borne bears bearing
51 beat beat beaten beats beating
52 beautify beautified beautified beautifies beautifying
53 become became become becomes becoming
54 befall befell befallen befalls befalling
55 beg begged begged begs begging
56 begin began begun begins beginning
57 behave behaved behaved behaves behaving
58 behold beheld beheld beholds beholding
59 believe believed believed believes believing
60 belong belonged belonged belongs belonging
61 bend bent bent bends bending
62 bereave bereft bereft bereaves bereaving
63 beseech besought besought beseeches beseeching
64 bet bet bet bets betting
65 betray betrayed betrayed betrays betraying
66 bid bade bidden bids bidding
67 bid bid bid bids bidding
68 bind bound bound binds binding
69 bite bit bitten bites biting
70 bleed bled bled bleeds bleeding
71 bless blessed blessed blesses blessing
72 blossom blossomed blossomed blossoms blossoming
73 blow blew blown blows blowing
74 blur blurred blurred blurs blurring
75 blush blushed blushed blushes blushing
76 board boarded boarded boards boarding
77 boast boasted boasted boasts boasting
78 boil boiled boiled boils boiling
79 bow bowed bowed bows bowing
80 box boxed boxed boxes boxing
81 bray brayed brayed brays braying
82 break broke broken breaks breaking
83 breathe breathed breathed breathes breathing
84 breed bred bred breeds breeding
85 bring brought brought brings bringing
86 broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcasts broadcasting
87 brush brushed brushed brushes brushing
88 build built built builds building
89 burn burnt burnt burns burning
90 burst burst burst bursts bursting
91 bury buried buried buries burying
92 bust bust bust busts busting
93 buy bought bought buys buying
94 buzz buzzed buzzed buzzes buzzing
95 calculate calculated calculated calculates calculating
96 call called called calls calling
97 canvass canvassed canvassed canvasses canvassing
98 capture captured captured captures capturing
99 caress caressed caressed caresses caressing
100 carry carried carried carries carrying
101 carve carved carved carves carving
102 cash cashed cashed cashes cashing
103 cast cast cast casts casting
104 catch caught caught catches catching
105 cause caused caused causes causing
106 cease ceased ceased ceases ceasing
107 celebrate celebrated celebrated celebrates celebrating
108 challenge challenged challenged challenges challenging
109 change changed changed changes changing
110 charge charged charged charges charging
111 chase chased chased chases chasing
112 chat chatted chatted chats chatting
113 check checked checked checks checking
114 cheer cheered cheered cheers cheering
115 chew chewed chewed chews chewing
116 chide chid chid/chidden chides chiding
117 chip chipped chipped chips chipping
118 choke choked choked chokes choking
119 choose chose chosen chooses choosing
120 classify classified classified classifies classifying
121 clean cleaned cleaned cleans cleaning
122 cleave clove/cleft cloven/cleft cleaves cleaving
123 click clicked clicked clicks clicking
124 climb climbed climbed climbs climbing
125 cling clung clung clings clinging
126 close closed closed closes closing
127 clothe clad clad clothes clothing
128 clutch clutched clutched clutches clutching
129 collapse collapsed collapsed collapses collapsing
130 collect collected collected collects collecting
131 colour coloured coloured colours colouring
132 come came come comes coming
133 comment commented commented comments commenting
134 compare compared compared compares comparing
135 compel compelled compelled compels compelling
136 compete competed competed competes competing
137 complain complained complained complains complaining
138 complete completed completed completes completing
139 conclude concluded concluded concludes concluding
140 conduct conducted conducted conducts conducting
141 confess confessed confessed confesses confessing
142 confine confined confined confines confining
143 confiscate confiscated confiscated confiscates confiscating
144 confuse confused confused confuses confusing
145 congratulate congratulated congratulated congratulates congratulating
146 connect connected connected connects connecting
147 connote connoted connoted connotes connoting
148 conquer conquered conquered conquers conquering
149 consecrate consecrated consecrated consecrates consecrating
150 consent consented consented consents consenting
151 conserve conserved conserved conserves conserving
152 consider considered considered considers considering
153 consign consigned consigned consigns consigning
154 consist consisted consisted consists consisting
155 console consoled consoled consoles consoling
156 consort consorted consorted consorts consorting
157 conspire conspired conspired conspires conspiring
158 constitute constituted constituted constitutes constituting
159 constrain constrained constrained constrains constraining
160 construct constructed constructed constructs constructing
161 construe construed construed construes construing
162 consult consulted consulted consults consulting
163 contain contained contained contains containing
164 contemn contemned contemned contemns contemning
165 contend contended contended contends contending
166 contest contested contested contests contesting
167 continue continued continued continues continuing
168 contract contracted contracted contracts contracting
169 contradict contradicted contradicted contradicts contradicting
170 contrast contrasted contrasted contrasts contrasting
171 contribute contributed contributed contributes contributing
172 contrive contrived contrived contrives contriving
173 control controlled controlled controls controlling
174 convene convened convened convenes convening
175 converge converged converged converges converging
176 converse conversed conversed converses conversing
177 convert converted converted converts converting
178 convey conveyed conveyed conveys conveying
179 convict convicted convicted convicts convicting
180 convince convinced convinced convinces convincing
181 coo cooed cooed coos cooing
182 cook cooked cooked cooks cooking
183 cool cooled cooled cools cooling
184 co-operate co-operated co-operated co-operates co-operating
185 cope coped cope copes coping
186 copy copied copied copies copying
187 correct corrected corrected corrects correcting
188 correspond corresponded corresponded corresponds corresponding
189 corrode corroded corroded corrodes corroding
190 corrupt corrupted corrupted corrupts corrupting
191 cost cost cost costs costing
192 cough coughed coughed coughs coughing
193 counsel counselled counselled counsels counselling
194 count counted counted counts counting
195 course coursed coursed courses coursing
196 cover covered covered covers covering
197 cower cowered cowered cowers cowering
198 crack cracked cracked cracks cracking
199 crackle crackled crackled crackles crackling
200 crash crashed crashed crashes crashing
201 crave craved craved craves craving
202 create created created creates creating
203 creep crept crept creeps creeping
204 crib cribbed cribbed cribs cribbing
205 cross crossed crossed crosses crossing
206 crowd crowded crowded crowds crowding
207 crush crushed crushed crushes crushing
208 cry cried cried cries crying
209 curb curbed curbed curbs curbing
210 cure cured cured cures curing
211 curve curved curved curves curving
212 cut cut cut cuts cutting
213 cycle cycled cycled cycles cycling
214 damage damaged damaged damages damaging
215 damp damped damped damps damping
216 dance danced danced dances dancing
217 dare dared dared dares daring
218 dash dashed dashed dashes dashing
219 dazzle dazzled dazzled dazzles dazzling
220 deal dealt dealt deals dealing
221 decay decayed decayed decays decaying
222 decide decided decided decides deciding
223 declare declared declared declares declaring
224 decorate decorated decorated decorates decorating
225 decrease decreased decreased decreases decreasing
226 dedicate dedicated dedicated dedicates dedicating
227 delay delayed delayed delays delaying
228 delete deleted deleted deletes deleting
229 deny denied denied denies denying
230 depend depended depended depends depending
231 deprive deprived deprived deprives depriving
232 derive derived derived derives deriving
233 describe described described describes describing
234 desire desired desired desires desiring
235 destroy destroyed destroyed destroys destroying
236 detach detached detached detaches detaching
237 detect detected detected detects detecting
238 determine determined determined determines determining
239 develop developed developed develops developing
240 die died died dies dying
241 differ differed differed differs differing
242 dig dug dug digs digging
243 digest digested digested digests digesting
244 dim dimmed dimmed dims dimming
245 diminish diminished diminished diminishes diminishing
246 dine dined dined dines dining
247 dip dipped dipped dips dipping
248 direct directed directed directs directing
249 disappear disappeared disappeared disappears disappearing
250 discover discovered discovered discovers discovering
251 discuss discussed discussed discusses discussing
252 disobey disobeyed disobeyed disobeys disobeying
253 display displayed displayed displays displaying
254 dispose disposed disposed disposes disposing
255 distribute distributed distributed distributes distributing
256 disturb disturbed disturbed disturbs disturbing
257 disuse disused disused disuses disusing
258 dive dived dived dives diving
259 divide divided divided divides dividing
260 do did done does doing
261 donate donated donated donates donating
262 download downloaded downloaded downloads downloading
263 drag dragged dragged drags dragging
264 draw drew drawn draws drawing
265 dream dreamt dreamt dreams dreaming
266 dress dressed dressed dresses dressing
267 drill drilled drilled drills drilling
268 drink drank drunk drinks drinking
269 drive drove driven drives driving
270 drop dropped dropped drops dropping
271 dry dried dried dries drying
272 dump dumped dumped dumps dumping
273 dwell dwelt dwelt dwells dwelling
274 dye dyed dyed dyes dyeing
275 earn earned earned earns earning
276 eat ate eaten eats eating
277 educate educated educated educates educating
278 empower empowered empowered empowers empowering
279 empty emptied emptied empties emptying
280 encircle encircled encircled encircles encircling
281 encourage encouraged encouraged encourages encouraging
282 encroach encroached encroached encroaches encroaching
283 endanger endangered endangered endangers entangling
284 endorse endorsed endorsed endorses endorsing
285 endure endured endured endures enduring
286 engrave engraved engraved engraves engraving
287 enjoy enjoyed enjoyed enjoys enjoying
288 enlarge enlarged enlarged enlarges enlarging
289 enlighten enlightened enlightened enlightens enlightening
290 enter entered entered enters entering
291 envy envied envied envies envying
292 erase erased erased erases erasing
293 escape escaped escaped escapes escaping
294 evaporate evaporated evaporated evaporates evaporating
295 exchange exchanged exchanged exchanges exchanging
296 exclaim exclaimed exclaimed exclaims exclaiming
297 exclude excluded excluded excludes excluding
298 exist existed existed exists existing
299 expand expanded expanded expands expanding
300 expect expected expected expects expecting
301 explain explained explained explains explaining
302 explore explored explored explores exploring
303 express expressed expressed expresses expressing
304 extend extended extended extends extending
305 eye eyed eyed eyes eyeing
306 face faced faced faces facing
307 fail failed failed fails failing
308 faint fainted fainted faints fainting
309 fall fell fallen falls falling
310 fan fanned fanned fans fanning
311 fancy fancied fancied fancies fancying
312 favour favoured favoured favours favouring
313 fax faxed faxed faxes faxing
314 feed fed fed feeds feeding
315 feel felt felt feels feeling
316 ferry ferried ferried ferries ferrying
317 fetch fetched fetched fetches fetching
318 fight fought fought fights fighting
319 fill filled filled fills filling
320 find found found finds finding
321 finish finished finished finishes finishing
322 fish fished fished fishes fishing
323 fit fit/fitted fit/fitted fits fitting
324 fix fixed fixed fixes fixing
325 fizz fizzed fizzed fizzes fizzing
326 flap flapped flapped flaps flapping
327 flash flashed flashed flashes flashing
328 flee fled fled flees fleeing
329 fling flung flung flings flinging
330 float floated floated floats floating
331 flop flopped flopped flops flopping
332 fly flew flown flies flying
333 fold folded folded folds folding
334 follow followed followed follows following
335 forbid forbade forbidden forbids forbidding
336 force forced forced forces forcing
337 forecast forecast forecast forecasts forecasting
338 foretell foretold foretold foretells foretelling
339 forget forgot forgotten forgets forgetting
340 forgive forgave forgiven forgives forgiving
341 forlese forlore forlorn forlese forlesing
342 form formed formed forms forming
343 forsake forsook forsaken forsakes forsaking
344 found founded founded founds founding
345 frame framed framed frames framing
346 free freed freed frees freeing
347 freeze froze frozen freezes freezing
348 frighten frightened frightened frightens frightening
349 fry fried fried fries frying
350 fulfil fulfilled fulfilled fulfils fulfilling
351 gag gagged gagged gags gagging
352 gain gained gained gains gaining
353 gainsay gainsaid gainsaid gainsays gainsaying
354 gash gashed gashed gashes gashing
355 gaze gazed gazed gazes gazing
356 get got got gets getting
357 give gave given gives giving
358 glance glanced glanced glances glancing
359 glitter glittered glittered glitters glittering
360 glow glowed glowed glows glowing
361 go went gone goes going
362 google googled googled googles googling
363 govern governed governed governs governing
364 grab grabbed grabbed grabs grabbing
365 grade graded graded grades grading
366 grant granted granted grants granting
367 greet greeted greeted greets greeting
368 grind ground ground grinds grinding
369 grip gripped gripped grips gripping
370 grow grew grown grows growing
371 guard guarded guarded guards guarding
372 guess guessed guessed guesses guessing
373 guide guided guided guides guiding
374 handle handled handled handles handling
375 hang hung hung hangs hanging
376 happen happened happened happens happening
377 harm harmed harmed harms harming
378 hatch hatched hatched hatches hatching
379 hate hated hated hates hating
380 have had had has having
381 heal healed healed heals healing
382 hear heard heard hears hearing
383 heave hove hove heaves heaving
384 help helped helped helps helping
385 hew hewed hewn hews hewing
386 hide hid hidden hides hiding
387 hinder hindered hindered hinders hindering
388 hiss hissed hissed hisses hissing
389 hit hit hit hits hitting
390 hoax hoaxed hoaxed hoaxes hoaxing
391 hold held held holds holding
392 hop hopped hopped hops hopping
393 hope hoped hoped hopes hoping
394 horrify horrified horrified horrifies horrifying
395 hug hugged hugged hugs hugging
396 hum hummed hummed hums humming
397 humiliate humiliated humiliated humiliates humiliating
398 hunt hunted hunted hunts hunting
399 hurl hurled hurled hurls hurling
400 hurry hurried hurried hurries hurrying
401 hurt hurt hurt hurts hurting
402 hush hushed hushed hushes hushing
403 hustle hustled hustled hustles hustling
404 hypnotize hypnotized hypnotized hypnotizes hypnotizing
405 idealize idealized idealized idealizes idealizing
406 identify identified identified identifies identifying
407 idolize idolized idolized idolizes idolizing
408 ignite ignited ignited ignites igniting
409 ignore ignored ignored ignores ignoring
410 ill-treat ill-treated ill-treated ill-treats ill-treating
411 illuminate illuminated illuminated illuminates illuminating
412 illumine illumined illumined illumines illumining
413 illustrate illustrated illustrated illustrates illustrating
414 imagine imagined imagined imagines imagining
415 imbibe imbibed imbibed imbibes imbibing
416 imitate imitated imitated imitates imitating
417 immerse immersed immersed immerses immersing
418 immolate immolated immolated immolates immolating
419 immure immured immured immures immuring
420 impair impaired impaired impairs impairing
421 impart imparted imparted imparts imparting
422 impeach impeached impeached impeaches impeaching
423 impede impeded impeded impedes impeding
424 impel impelled impelled impels impelling
425 impend impended impended impends impending
426 imperil imperilled imperilled imperils imperilling
427 impinge impinged impinged impinges impinging
428 implant implanted implanted implants implanting
429 implicate implicated implicated implicates implicating
430 implode imploded imploded implodes imploding
431 implore implored implored implores imploring
432 imply implied implied implies implying
433 import imported imported imports importing
434 impose imposed imposed imposes imposing
435 impress impressed impressed impresses impressing
436 imprint imprinted imprinted imprints imprinting
437 imprison imprisoned imprisoned imprisons imprisoning
438 improve improved improved improves improving
439 inaugurate inaugurated inaugurated inaugurates inaugurating
440 incise incised incised incises incising
441 include included included includes including
442 increase increased increased increases increasing
443 inculcate inculcated inculcated inculcates inculcating
444 indent indented indented indents indenting
445 indicate indicated indicated indicates indicating
446 induce induced induced induces inducing
447 indulge indulged indulged indulges indulging
448 infect infected infected infects infecting
449 infest infested infested infests infesting
450 inflame inflamed inflamed inflames inflaming
451 inflate inflated inflated inflates inflating
452 inflect inflected inflected inflects inflecting
453 inform informed informed informs informing
454 infringe infringed infringed infringes infringing
455 infuse infused infused infuses infusing
456 ingest ingested ingested ingests ingesting
457 inhabit inhabited inhabited inhabits inhabiting
458 inhale inhaled inhaled inhales inhaling
459 inherit inherited inherited inherits inheriting
460 initiate initiated initiated initiates initiating
461 inject injected injected injects injecting
462 injure injured injured injures injuring
463 inlay inlaid inlaid inlays inlaying
464 innovate innovated innovated innovates innovating
465 input input input inputs inputting
466 inquire inquired inquired inquires inquiring
467 inscribe inscribed inscribed inscribes inscribing
468 insert inserted inserted inserts inserting
469 inspect inspected inspected inspects inspecting
470 inspire inspired inspired inspires inspiring
471 install installed installed installs installing
472 insult insulted insulted insults insulting
473 insure insured insured insures insuring
474 integrate integrated integrated integrates integrating
475 introduce introduced introduced introduces introducing
476 invent invented invented invents inventing
477 invite invited invited invites inviting
478 join joined joined joins joining
479 jump jumped jumped jumps jumping
480 justify justified justified justifies justifying
481 keep kept kept keeps keeping
482 kick kicked kicked kicks kicking
483 kid kidded kidded kids kidding
484 kill killed killed kills killing
485 kiss kissed kissed kisses kissing
486 kneel knelt knelt kneels kneeling
487 knit knit knit knits knitting
488 knock knocked knocked knocks knocking
489 know knew known knows knowing
490 lade laded laden lades lading
491 land landed landed lands landing
492 last lasted lasted lasts lasting
493 latch latched latched latches latching
494 laugh laughed laughed laughs laughing
495 lay laid laid lays laying
496 lead led led leads leading
497 leak leaked leaked leaks leaking
498 lean leant leant leans leaning
499 leap leapt leapt leaps leaping
500 learn learnt learnt learns learning
501 leave left left leaves leaving
502 leer leered leered leers leering
503 lend lent lent lends lending
504 let let let lets letting
505 lick licked licked licks licking
506 lie lay lain lies lying
507 lie lied lied lies lying
508 lift lifted lifted lifts lifting
509 light lit lit lights lighting
510 like liked liked likes liking
511 limp limped limped limps limping
512 listen listened listened listens listening
513 live lived lived lives living
514 look looked looked looks looking
515 lose lost lost loses losing
516 love loved loved loves loving
517 magnify magnified magnified magnifies magnifying
518 maintain maintained maintained maintains maintaining
519 make made made makes making
520 manage managed managed manages managing
521 march marched marched marches marching
522 mark marked marked marks marking
523 marry married married marries marrying
524 mash mashed mashed mashes mashing
525 match matched matched matches matching
526 matter mattered mattered matters mattering
527 mean meant meant means meaning
528 measure measured measured measures measuring
529 meet met met meets meeting
530 melt melted melted melts melting
531 merge merged merged merges merging
532 mew mewed mewed mews mewing
533 migrate migrated migrated migrates migrating
534 milk milked milked milks milking
535 mind minded minded minds minding
536 mislead misled misled misleads misleading
537 miss missed missed misses missing
538 mistake mistook mistaken mistakes mistaking
539 misuse misused misused misuses misusing
540 mix mixed mixed mixes mixing
541 moan moaned moaned moans moaning
542 modify modified modified modifies modifying
543 moo mooed mooed moos mooing
544 motivate motivated motivated motivates motivating
545 mould moulded moulded moulds moulding
546 moult moulted moulted moults moulting
547 move moved moved moves moving
548 mow mowed mown mows mowing
549 multiply multiplied multiplied multiplies multiplying
550 murmur murmured murmured murmurs murmuring
551 nail nailed nailed nails nailing
552 nap napped napped naps napping
553 need needed needed needs needing
554 neglect neglected neglected neglects neglecting
555 nip nipped nipped nips nipping
556 nod nodded nodded nods nodding
557 note noted noted notes noting
558 notice noticed noticed notices noticing
559 notify notified notified notifies notifying
560 nourish nourished nourished nourishes nourishing
561 nurse nursed nursed nurses nursing
562 obey obeyed obeyed obeys obeying
563 oblige obliged obliged obliges obliging
564 observe observed observed observes observing
565 obstruct obstructed obstructed obstructs obstructing
566 obtain obtained obtained obtains obtaining
567 occupy occupied occupied occupies occupying
568 occur occurred occurred occurs occurring
569 offer offered offered offers offering
570 offset offset offset offsets offsetting
571 omit omitted omitted omits omitting
572 ooze oozed oozed oozes oozing
573 open opened opened opens opening
574 operate operated operated operates operating
575 opine opined opined opines opining
576 oppress oppressed oppressed oppresses oppressing
577 opt opted opted opts opting
578 optimize optimized optimized optimizes optimizing
579 order ordered ordered orders ordering
580 organize organized organized organizes organizing
581 originate originated originated originates originating
582 output output output outputs outputting
583 overflow overflowed overflowed overflows overflowing
584 overtake overtook overtaken overtakes overtaking
585 owe owed owed owes owing
586 own owned owned owns owning
587 pacify pacified pacified pacifies pacifying
588 paint painted painted paints painting
589 pardon pardoned pardoned pardons pardoning
590 part parted parted parts parting
591 partake partook partaken partakes partaking
592 participate participated participated participates participating
593 pass passed passed passes passing
594 paste pasted pasted pastes pasting
595 pat patted patted pats patting
596 patch patched patched patches patching
597 pause paused paused pauses pausing
598 pay paid paid pays paying
599 peep peeped peeped peeps peeping
600 perish perished perished perishes perishing
601 permit permitted permitted permits permitting
602 persuade persuaded persuaded persuades persuading
603 phone phoned phoned phones phoning
604 place placed placed places placing
605 plan planned planned plans planning
606 play played played plays playing
607 plead pled pled pleads pleading
608 please pleased pleased pleases pleasing
609 plod plodded plodded plods plodding
610 plot plotted plotted plots plotting
611 pluck plucked plucked plucks plucking
612 ply plied plied plies plying
613 point pointed pointed points pointing
614 polish polished polished polishes polishing
615 pollute polluted polluted pollutes polluting
616 ponder pondered pondered ponders pondering
617 pour poured poured pours pouring
618 pout pouted pouted pouts pouting
619 practise practised practised practises practising
620 praise praised praised praises praising
621 pray prayed prayed prays praying
622 preach preached preached preaches preaching
623 prefer preferred preferred prefers preferring
624 prepare prepared prepared prepares preparing
625 prescribe prescribed prescribed prescribes prescribing
626 present presented presented presents presenting
627 preserve preserved preserved preserves preserving
628 preset preset preset presets presetting
629 preside presided presided presides presiding
630 press pressed pressed presses pressing
631 pretend pretended pretended pretends pretending
632 prevent prevented prevented prevents preventing
633 print printed printed prints printing
634 proceed proceeded proceeded proceeds proceeding
635 produce produced produced produces producing
636 progress progressed progressed progresses progressing
637 prohibit prohibited prohibited prohibits prohibiting
638 promise promised promised promises promising
639 propose proposed proposed proposes proposing
640 prosecute prosecuted prosecuted prosecutes prosecuting
641 protect protected protected protects protecting
642 prove proved proved proves proving
643 provide provided provided provides providing
644 pull pulled pulled pulls pulling
645 punish punished punished punishes punishing
646 purify purified purified purifies purifying
647 push pushed pushed pushes pushing
648 put put put puts putting
649 qualify qualified qualified qualifies qualifying
650 quarrel quarrelled quarrelled quarrels quarrelling
651 question questioned questioned questions questioning
652 quit quit quit quits quitting
653 race raced raced races racing
654 rain rained rained rains raining
655 rattle rattled rattled rattles rattling
656 reach reached reached reaches reaching
657 read read read reads reading
658 realize realized realized realizes realizing
659 rebuild rebuilt rebuilt rebuilds rebuilding
660 recall recalled recalled recalls recalling
661 recast recast recast recasts recasting
662 receive received received receives receiving
663 recite recited recited recites reciting
664 recognize recognized recognized recognizes recognizing
665 recollect recollected recollected recollects recollecting
666 recur recurred recurred recurs recurring
667 redo redid redone redoes redoing
668 reduce reduced reduced reduces reducing
669 refer referred referred refers referring
670 reflect reflected reflected reflects reflecting
671 refuse refused refused refuses refusing
672 regard regarded regarded regards regarding
673 regret regretted regretted regrets regretting
674 relate related related relates relating
675 relax relaxed relaxed relaxes relaxing
676 rely relied relied relies relying
677 remain remained remained remains remaining
678 remake remade remade remakes remaking
679 remove removed removed removes removing
680 rend rent rent rends rending
681 renew renewed renewed renews renewing
682 renounce renounced renounced renounces renouncing
683 repair repaired repaired repairs repairing
684 repeat repeated repeated repeats repeating
685 replace replaced replaced replaces replacing
686 reply replied replied replies replying
687 report reported reported reports reporting
688 request requested requested requests requesting
689 resell resold resold resells reselling
690 resemble resembled resembled resembles resembling
691 reset reset reset resets resetting
692 resist resisted resisted resists resisting
693 resolve resolved resolved resolves resolving
694 respect respected respected respects respecting
695 rest rested rested rests resting
696 restrain restrained restrained restrains restraining
697 retain retained retained retains retaining
698 retch retched retched retches retching
699 retire retired retired retires retiring
700 return returned returned returns returning
701 reuse reused reused reuses reusing
702 review reviewed reviewed reviews reviewing
703 rewind rewound rewound rewinds rewinding
704 rid rid rid rids ridding
705 ride rode ridden rides riding
706 ring rang rung rings ringing
707 rise rose risen rises rising
708 roar roared roared roars roaring
709 rob robbed robbed robs robbing
710 roll rolled rolled rolls rolling
711 rot rotted rotted rots rotting
712 rub rubbed rubbed rubs rubbing
713 rule ruled ruled rules ruling
714 run ran run runs running
715 rush rushed rushed rushes rushing
716 sabotage sabotaged sabotaged sabotages sabotaging
717 sack sacked sacked sacks sacking
718 sacrifice sacrificed sacrificed sacrifices sacrificing
719 sadden saddened saddened saddens saddening
720 saddle saddled saddled saddles saddling
721 sag sagged sagged sags sagging
722 sail sailed sailed sails sailing
723 sally sallied sallied sallies sallying
724 salute saluted saluted salutes saluting
725 salvage salvaged salvaged salvages salvaging
726 salve salved salved salves salving
727 sample sampled sampled samples sampling
728 sanctify sanctified sanctified sanctifies sanctifying
729 sanction sanctioned sanctioned sanctions sanctioning
730 sap sapped sapped saps sapping
731 saponify saponified saponified saponifies saponifying
732 sash sashed sashed sashes sashing
733 sashay sashayed sashayed sashays sashaying
734 sass sassed sassed sasses sassing
735 sate sated sated sates sating
736 satiate satiated satiated satiates satiating
737 satirise satirised satirised satirises satirising
738 satisfy satisfied satisfied satisfies satisfying
739 saturate saturated saturated saturates saturating
740 saunter sauntered sauntered saunters sauntering
741 save saved saved saves saving
742 savor savored savored savors savoring
743 savvy savvied savvied savvies savvying
744 saw sawed sawn saws sawing
745 say said said says saying
746 scab scabbed scabbed scabs scabbing
747 scabble scabbled scabbled scabbles scabbling
748 scald scalded scalded scalds scalding
749 scale scaled scaled scales scaling
750 scam scammed scammed scams scamming
751 scan scanned scanned scans scanning
752 scant scanted scanted scants scanting
753 scar scarred scarred scars scarring
754 scare scared scared scares scaring
755 scarify scarified scarified scarifies scarifying
756 scarp scarped scarped scarps scarping
757 scat scatted scatted scats scatting
758 scatter scattered scattered scatters scattering
759 scold scolded scolded scolds scolding
760 scorch scorched scorched scorches scorching
761 scowl scowled scowled scowls scowling
762 scrawl scrawled scrawled scrawls scrawling
763 scream screamed screamed screams screaming
764 screw screwed screwed screws screwing
765 scrub scrubbed scrubbed scrubs scrubbing
766 search searched searched searches searching
767 seat seated seated seats seating
768 secure secured secured secures securing
769 see saw seen sees seeing
770 seek sought sought seeks seeking
771 seem seemed seemed seems seeming
772 seize seized seized seizes seizing
773 select selected selected selects selecting
774 sell sold sold sells selling
775 send sent sent sends sending
776 sentence sentenced sentenced sentences sentencing
777 separate separated separated separates separating
778 set set set sets setting
779 sever severed severed severs severing
780 sew sewed sewn sews sewing
781 shake shook shaken shakes shaking
782 shape shaped shaped shapes shaping
783 share shared shared shares sharing
784 shatter shattered shattered shatters shattering
785 shave shove shaven shaves shaving
786 shear shore shorn shears shearing
787 shed shed shed sheds shedding
788 shine shone shone shines shining
789 shirk shirked shirked shirks shirking
790 shit shit shit shits shitting
791 shiver shivered shivered shivers shivering
792 shock shocked shocked shocks shocking
793 shoe shod shod shoes shoeing
794 shoot shot shot shoots shooting
795 shorten shortened shortened shortens shortening
796 shout shouted shouted shouts shouting
797 show showed shown shows showing
798 shrink shrank shrunk shrinks shrinking
799 shun shunned shunned shuns shunning
800 shut shut shut shuts shutting
801 sight sighted sighted sights sighting
802 signal signalled signalled signals signalling
803 signify signified signified signifies signifying
804 sing sang sung sings singing
805 sink sank sunk sinks sinking
806 sip sipped sipped sips sipping
807 sit sat sat sits sitting
808 ski skied skied skis skiing
809 skid skidded skidded skids skidding
810 slam slammed slammed slams slamming
811 slay slew slain slays slaying
812 sleep slept slept sleeps sleeping
813 slide slid slid/slide slides sliding
814 slim slimmed slimmed slims slimming
815 sling slung slung slings slinging
816 slink slunk slunk slinks slinking
817 slip slipped slipped slips slipping
818 slit slit slit slits slitting
819 smash smashed smashed smashes smashing
820 smell smelt smelt smells smelling
821 smile smiled smiled smiles smiling
822 smite smote smitten smites smiting
823 smooth smoothed smoothed smoothes smoothing
824 smother smothered smothered smothers smothering
825 snap snapped snapped snaps snapping
826 snatch snatched snatched snatches snatching
827 sneak snuck snuck sneaks sneaking
828 sneeze sneezed sneezed sneezes sneezing
829 sniff sniffed sniffed sniffs sniffing
830 soar soared soared soars soaring
831 sob sobbed sobbed sobs sobbing
832 solicit solicited solicited solicits soliciting
833 solve solved solved solves solving
834 soothe soothed soothed soothes soothing
835 sort sorted sorted sorts sorting
836 sow sowed sowed sows sowing
837 sparkle sparkled sparkled sparkles sparkling
838 speak spoke spoken speaks speaking
839 speed sped sped speeds speeding
840 spell spelt spelt spells spelling
841 spend spent spent spends spending
842 spill spilt spilt spills spilling
843 spin span/spun spun spins spinning
844 spit spat/spit spat/spit spits spitting
845 split split split splits splitting
846 spoil spoilt spoilt spoils spoiling
847 spray sprayed sprayed sprays spraying
848 spread spread spread spreads spreading
849 spring sprang sprung springs springing
850 sprout sprouted sprouted sprouts sprouting
851 squeeze squeezed squeezed squeezes squeezing
852 stand stood stood stands standing
853 stare stared stared stares staring
854 start started started starts starting
855 state stated stated states stating
856
857 stay stayed stayed stays staying
858 steal stole stolen steals stealing
859 steep steeped steeped steeps steeping
860 stem stemmed stemmed stems stemming
861 step stepped stepped steps stepping
862 sterilize sterilized sterilized sterilizes sterilizing
863 stick stuck stuck sticks sticking
864 stimulate stimulated stimulated stimulates stimulating
865 sting stung stung stings stinging
866 stink stank stunk stinks stinking
867 stir stirred stirred stirs stirring
868 stitch stitched stitched stitches stitching
869 stoop stooped stooped stoops stooping
870 stop stopped stopped stops stopping
871 store stored stored stores storing
872 strain strained strained strains straining
873 stray strayed strayed strays straying
874 stress stressed stressed stresses stressing
875 stretch stretched stretched stretches stretching
876 strew strewed strewn strews strewing
877 stride strode stridden strides striding
878 strike struck struck/stricken strikes striking
879 string strung strung strings stringing
880 strive strove striven strives striving
881 study studied studied studies studying
882 submit submitted submitted submits submitting
883 subscribe subscribed subscribed subscribes subscribing
884 subtract subtracted subtracted subtracts subtracting
885 succeed succeeded succeeded succeeds succeeding
886 suck sucked sucked sucks sucking
887 suffer suffered suffered suffers suffering
888 suggest suggested suggested suggests suggesting
889 summon summoned summoned summons summoning
890 supply supplied supplied supplies supplying
891 support supported supported supports supporting
892 suppose supposed supposed supposes supposing
893 surge surged surged surges surging
894 surmise surmised surmised surmises surmising
895 surpass surpassed surpassed surpasses surpassing
896 surround surrounded surrounded surrounds surrounding
897 survey surveyed surveyed surveys surveying
898 survive survived survived survives surviving
899 swallow swallowed swallowed swallows swallowing
900 sway swayed swayed sways swaying
901 swear swore sworn swears swearing
902 sweat sweat sweat sweats sweating
903 sweep swept swept sweeps sweeping
904 swell swelled swollen swells swelling
905 swim swam swum swims swimming
906 swing swung swung swings swinging
907 swot swotted swotted swots swotting
908 take took taken takes taking
909 talk talked talked talks talking
910 tap tapped tapped taps tapping
911 taste tasted tasted tastes tasting
912 tax taxed taxed taxes taxing
913 teach taught taught teaches teaching
914 tear tore torn tears tearing
915 tee teed teed tees teeing
916 tell told told tells telling
917 tempt tempted tempted tempts tempting
918 tend tended tended tends tending
919 terminate terminated terminated terminates terminating
920 terrify terrified terrified terrifies terrifying
921 test tested tested tests testing
922 thank thanked thanked thanks thanking
923 think thought thought thinks thinking
924 thrive throve thriven thrives thriving
925 throw threw thrown throws throwing
926 thrust thrust thrust thrusts thrusting
927 thump thumped thumped thumps thumping
928 tie tied tied ties tying
929 tire tired tired tires tiring
930 toss tossed tossed tosses tossing
931 touch touched touched touches touching
932 train trained trained trains training
933 trample trampled trampled tramples trampling
934 transfer transferred transferred transfers transferring
935 transform transformed transformed transforms transforming
936 translate translated translated translates translating
937 trap trapped trapped traps trapping
938 travel travelled travelled travels travelling
939 tread trod trodden treads treading
940 treasure treasured treasured treasures treasuring
941 treat treated treated treats treating
942 tree treed treed trees treeing
943 tremble trembled trembled trembles trembling
944 triumph triumphed triumphed triumphs triumphing
945 trust trusted trusted trusts trusting
946 try tried tried tries trying
947 turn turned turned turns turning
948 type typed typed types typing
949 typeset typeset typeset typesets typesetting
950 understand understood understood understands understanding
951 undo undid undone undoes undoing
952 uproot uprooted uprooted uproots uprooting
953 upset upset upset upsets upsetting
954 urge urged urged urges urging
955 use used used uses using
956 utter uttered uttered utters uttering
957 value valued valued values valuing
958 vanish vanished vanished vanishes vanishing
959 vary varied varied varies varying
960 verify verified verified verifies verifying
961 vex vexed vexed vexes vexing
962 vie vied vied vies vying
963 view viewed viewed views viewing
964 violate violated violated violates violating
965 vomit vomited vomited vomits vomiting
966 wake woke woken wakes waking
967 walk walked walked walks walking
968 wander wandered wandered wanders wandering
969 want wanted wanted wants wanting
970 warn warned warned warns warning
971 waste wasted wasted wastes wasting
972 watch watched watched watches watching
973 water watered watered waters watering
974 wave waved waved waves waving
975 wax waxed waxed waxes waxing
976 waylay waylaid waylaid waylays waylaying
977 wear wore worn wears wearing
978 weave wove woven weaves weaving
979 wed wed wed weds wedding
980 weep wept wept weeps weeping
981 weigh weighed weighed weighs weighing
982 welcome welcomed welcomed welcomes welcoming
983 wend went went wends wending
984 wet wet wet wets wetting
985 whip whipped whipped whips whipping
986 whisper whispered whispered whispers whispering
987 win won won wins winning
988 wind wound wound winds winding
989 wish wished wished wishes wishing
990 withdraw withdrew withdrawn withdraws withdrawing
991 work worked worked works working
992 worry worried worried worries worrying
993 worship worshipped worshipped worships worshipping
994 wring wrung wrung wrings wringing
995 write wrote written writes writing
996 yawn yawned yawned yawns yawning
997 yell yelled yelled yells yelling
998 yield yielded yielded yields yielding
999 zinc zincked zincked zincs zincking
1000 zoom zoomed zoomed zooms zooming
200 Irregular Verbs FormsProper use of verbs is very important to speak and write correct English. Every verb has three forms (Base Form, Past Form, Past Participle Form) followed by its ‘ing’ form. We are presenting you verb list in a easy to learn form. It has been segregated as follows :
Following is the list of Verbs in its forms
S.No. Base Form Past Form Past Participle Form s / es/ ies ‘ing’ form
1 abide abode abode abides abiding
2 alight alit alit alights alighting
3 arise arose arisen arises arising
4 awake awoke awoken awakes awaking
5 be (am,are) was / were been is being
6 bear bore born/borne bears bearing
7 beat beat beaten beats beating
8 become became become becomes becoming
9 befall befell befallen befalls befalling
10 begin began begun begins beginning
11 behold beheld beheld beholds beholding
12 bend bent bent bends bending
13 bereave bereft bereft bereaves bereaving
14 beseech besought besought beseeches beseeching
15 bet bet bet bets betting
16 bid bade bidden bids bidding
17 bid bid bid bids bidding
18 bind bound bound binds binding
19 bite bit bitten bites biting
20 bleed bled bled bleeds bleeding
21 blow blew blown blows blowing
22 break broke broken breaks breaking
23 breed bred bred breeds breeding
24 bring brought brought brings bringing
25 broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcasts broadcasting
26 build built built builds building
27 burn burnt burnt burns burning
28 burst burst burst bursts bursting
29 bust bust bust busts busting
30 buy bought bought buys buying
31 cast cast cast casts casting
32 catch caught caught catches catching
33 chide chid chidden chides chiding
34 choose chose chosen chooses choosing
35 cleave clove/cleft cloven/cleft cleaves cleaving
36 cling clung clung clings clinging
37 clothe clad clad clothes clothing
38 come came come comes coming
39 cost cost cost costs costing
40 creep crept crept creeps creeping
41 cut cut cut cuts cutting
42 deal dealt dealt deals dealing
43 dig dug dug digs digging
44 do did done does doing
45 draw drew drawn draws drawing
46 dream dreamt dreamt dreams dreaming
47 drink drank drunk drinks drinking
48 drive drove driven drives driving
49 dwell dwelt dwelt dwells dwelling
50 eat ate eaten eats eating
51 fall fell fallen falls falling
52 fart fart fart farts farting
53 feed fed fed feeds feeding
54 feel felt felt feels feeling
55 fight fought fought fights fighting
56 find found found finds finding
57 fit fit fit fits fitting
58 flee fled fled flees fleeing
59 fling flung flung flings flinging
60 fly flew flown flies flying
61 forbid forbade forbidden forbids forbidding
62 forecast forecast forecast forecasts forecasting
63 forget forgot forgotten forgets forgetting
64 forgive forgave forgiven forgives forgiving
65 forsake forsook forsaken forsakes forsaking
66 freeze froze frozen freezes freezing
67 gainsay gainsaid gainsaid gainsays gainsaying
68 get got got gets getting
69 gird girt girt girds girding
70 give gave given gives giving
71 go went gone goes going
72 grave grove graven graves graving
73 grow grew grown grows growing
74 hang hung hung hangs hanging
75 have had had has having
76 hear heard heard hears hearing
77 heave hove hove heaves heaving
78 hew hewed hewn hews hewing
79 hide hid hidden hides hiding
80 hit hit hit hits hitting
81 hold held held holds holding
82 hurt hurt hurt hurts hurting
83 inlay inlaid inlaid inlays inlaying
84 input input input inputs inputting
85 keep kept kept keeps keeping
86 kneel knelt knelt kneels kneeling
87 knit knit knit knits knitting
88 know knew known knows knowing
89 lade laded laden lades lading
90 lay laid laid lays laying
91 lead led led leads leading
92 lean leant leant leans leaning
93 leap leapt leapt leaps leaping
94 learn learnt learnt learns learning
95 leave left left leaves leaving
96 lend lent lent lends lending
97 let let let lets letting
98 lie lay lain lies lying
99 light lit lit lights lighting
100 lose lost lost loses losing
101 make made made makes making
102 mean meant meant means meaning
103 meet met met meets meeting
104 mistake mistook mistaken mistakes mistaking
105 mow mowed mown mows mowing
106 partake partook partaken partakes partaking
107 pay paid paid pays paying
108 plead pled pled pleads pleading
109 put put put puts putting
110 quit quit quit quits quitting
111 read (રી�ડ) read (રી� ડ) read (રી� ડ) reads reading
112 rend rent rent rends rending
113 rid rid rid rids ridding
114 ride rode ridden rides riding
115 ring rang rung rings ringing
116 rise rose risen rises rising
117 run ran run runs running
118 saw sawed sawn saws sawing
119 say said said says saying
120 see saw seen sees seeing
121 seek sought sought seeks seeking
122 sell sold sold sells selling
123 send sent sent sends sending
124 set set set sets setting
125 sew sewed sewn sews sewing
126 shake shook shaken shakes shaking
127 shave shove shaven shaves shaving
128 shear shore shorn shears shearing
129 shed shed shed sheds shedding
130 shine shone shone shines shining
131 shit shit shit shits shitting
132 shoe shod shod shoes shoeing
133 shoot shot shot shoots shooting
134 show showed shown shows showing
135 shrink shrank shrunk shrinks shrinking
136 shrive shrove shriven shrives shriving
137 shut shut shut shuts shutting
138 sing sang sung sings singing
139 sink sank sunk sinks sinking
140 sit sat sat sits sitting
141 slay slew slain slays slaying
142 sleep slept slept sleeps sleeping
143 slide slid slid slides sliding
144 sling slung slung slings slinging
145 slink slunk slunk slinks slinking
146 slit slit slit slits slitting
147 smell smelt smelt smells smelling
148 smite smote smitten smites smiting
149 sneak snuck snuck sneaks sneaking
150 speak spoke spoken speaks speaking
151 speed sped sped speeds speeding
152 spell spelt spelt spells spelling
153 spend spent spent spends spending
154 spill spilt spilt spills spilling
155 spin spun spun spins spinning
156 spit spat spat spits spitting
157 split split split splits splitting
158 spoil spoilt spoilt spoils spoiling
159 spread spread spread spreads spreading
160 spring sprang sprung springs springing
161 stand stood stood stands standing
162 steal stole stolen steals stealing
163 stick stuck stuck sticks sticking
164 sting stung stung stings stinging
165 stink stank stunk stinks stinking
166 strew strewed strewn strews strewing
167 stride strode stridden strides striding
168 strike struck stricken strikes striking
169 string strung strung strings stringing
170 strive strove striven strives striving
171 swear swore sworn swears swearing
172 sweat sweat sweat sweats sweating
173 sweep swept swept sweeps sweeping
174 swell swelled swollen swells swelling
175 swim swam swum swims swimming
176 swing swung swung swings swinging
177 take took taken takes taking
178 teach taught taught teaches teaching
179 tear tore torn tears tearing
180 tell told told tells telling
181 think thought thought thinks thinking
182 thrive throve thriven thrives thriving
183 throw threw thrown throws throwing
184 thrust thrust thrust thrusts thrusting
185 tread trod trodden treads treading
186 understand understood understood understands understanding
187 wake woke woken wakes waking
188 way-lay way-laid way-laid way-lays way-laying
189 wear wore worn wears wearing
190 weave wove woven weaves weaving
191 wed wed wed weds wedding
192 weep wept wept weeps weeping
193 welcome welcomed welcomed welcomes welcoming
194 wend went went wends wending
195 wet wet wet wets wetting
196 win won won wins winning
197 wind wound wound winds winding
198 withdraw withdrew withdrawn withdraws withdrawing
199 wring wrung wrung wrings wringing
200 write wrote written writes writing
Phrasal Verbs A-ZA phrasal verb are usually two-word phrases consisting of preposition or adverb which creates a meaning different from the original verb.
Phrasal Verbs : A | B
Grammar notes: phrasal verbs a-baccount for something
to explain
to give an explanation for something
Well, how do you account for the fact that there's £20,000 missing?
There's a lot of money not accounted for.
add something on (to)
to include in a calculation or on a list
It'll cost more once you've added the VAT on.
Buying a house is very expensive after you've added on the solicitor's costs.
OK, so we need a printer, a scanner and a webcam. What about speakers? Add them on to the list as well.
add something up
to total by adding
add up
to be satisfactory when you think about it
I've added all my expenses up and you owe me £250.
They say the company is very successful and there aren't any problems with staff, suppliers or customers. But they're selling it at a very low price. It just doesn't add up.
back down
to abandon your position in an argument
The argument lasted for hours because neither of them would back down.
He backed down when it became clear that nobody else supported him.
back out (of something)
to break an agreement
to not do what you said you would
The two companies were going to merge, but one of them backed out at the last minute.
One company backed out of the deal because of rumours about the other company's finances.
back someone/something up
to support
Everyone backed him up when he complained about the conditions at work.
I'll listen to your complaints about the conditions at work when you have some evidence to back them up.
Whenever you write a new report, remember to back it up on CD.
back-up (noun)
If you have problems with the new system, just phone our office and our staff will give you all the back-up
you need.
You must have a back-up copy in case anything goes wrong with the computer.
be down
to have decreased
to not be working (computers/phones)
Sales are down by nearly 30%, so we'll have to start thinking about reducing the number of staff.
The computers are down again, so we can't get the plane tickets over the internet.
The phones were down for three days after the floods.
be in on something
to know something that isn't common knowledge
to be involved in something
The takeover was a complete surprise to me. Were you in on it?
I wasn't in on the plan at the beginning, but then someone asked me to join.
be off
to not be at work
She's not here. She's off today. I think she's got a hospital appointment.
That's the fourth time she's been off this month.
be out of something
to not have any more
The printer's out of ink again. Have you got another cartridge?
The machine's out of coffee. You'll have to have tea or chocolate.
be up
to have increased
Profits are up 60% this year, so we'll be able to pay a dividend.
Sales were up so much we had to employ extra staff.
boss someone around
to tell people what to do (often and needlessly)
You'd think he owned the company the way he bosses everyone around.
Stop bossing me around! I've been working here longer than you have.
branch out (into something)
to expand into new areas
If you want the company to grow, the business will have to branch out into new areas.
We're involved in all areas of the hotel business now, but we started with a restaurant and then branched out.
break down
to stop working
break something down (by)
to analyse
to show separately
We must get a new photocopier. This one's always breaking down.
I don't want a total figure. I want everything broken down by departments so I can see who's spending what.
When you break the figures down by category, you can see that most of our spending is on R&D.
breakdown (noun)
There was a breakdown on the tube this morning, so everyone got to work late.
I want a complete breakdown of all those figures.
bring something forward
to arrange to have or do earlier
Next week's meeting has been brought forward from Tuesday to Monday.
We've decided to bring the launch date forward to take advantage of the pre-Christmas increase in trading.
bring something out
to launch a product
They're bringing out a new line of summer clothing next month.
That's not a new computer program,. They brought that out years ago.
bring something up
to mention
Who brought up the question of wage rises in the meeting?
Well, I was waiting for the manager to bring it up, but he didn't. So I had to.
brush something up
to renew your knowledge of something
Either the existing staff will have to go to evening classes to brush up their Spanish, or we'll have to employ
new staff who actually know the language.
If you brush your languages up, then that will help you get a better job.
Grammar notes: phrasal verbs ccall for something
to need
to demand
This situation calls for urgent action before it's too late.
The job calls for a great deal of tact as you'll be dealing with the public at all times.
You've been promoted to manager? This calls for champagne.
The shareholders are calling for a change in management because of last year's bad results.
call something off
to cancel
We had to call off the meeting because the manager was on a trip.
No one told me you'd called it off. I came all the way from Barcelona!
call (someone) up
to phone
call something up (on the computer)
to look for and open
I tried to call you up to tell you about the meeting, but your mobile was switched off.
It's difficult to get any work done because people are calling up all day.
I called up the document and added the new paragraphs.
When I tried to call the file up it wasn't there. I must have deleted it by mistake.
carry on
carry on (doing something)
carry on (with something)
to continue
Please don't let me interrupt you. Carry on as if I wasn't here.
The fire alarm is always ringing. Now people ignore it and carry on working.
I'll be out of the office this afternoon, so you can just carry on with whatever you were doing this morning.
carry something out
to do
to complete or perform
The job was carried out by an outside consultancy firm.
We're carrying out a survey at the moment to see which of our products is the most popular.
catch up (with someone)
to reach the same standard
catch up (on something)
(to reach the required standard)
to do work you should already have finished
You all know much more than I do about computers, but I haven't got time to study. I'll never catch up.
You've already finished two reports today. I'll have to stay late to catch up with you.
I'm afraid there was no one to cover you when you were off sick last week, so you've got a lot of work to
catch up on.
I'll just have a sandwich at my desk so I can catch up on the backlog.
change over (to something)
to change to a new system or position
Spain changed over to the euro at the beginning of 2002.
Your computer's got the program I need. We'll have to change over.
I'm on a late shift this week, but we change over next Monday.
We'll have to change over to a new computer system soon because the old system is overloaded.
changeover (noun)
Everything seemed to be cheaper before the changeover to the euro.
We had nothing but problems with the computers for a couple of months after the changeover.
climb down
to admit you were wrong
He had to climb down after his colleagues proved him wrong.
The others had a much stronger argument, and in the end he climbed down and admitted they were right.
climb-down (noun)
First he said we couldn't have a pay rise, but then when we threatened to go on strike he said he'd negotiate.
It was a complete climb-down.
close (something) down
to close permanently
If we don't improve production we'll have to close down the factory.
When the supermarket opened, the grocer's shop on the corner closed down.
close-down (noun)
The factory close-down made a lot of people unemployed.
come out
to be published or made public
When the annual report came out, there was a sudden rush to sell shares.
News of the merger came out last week. Now everyone's worried about losing their jobs.
come up
to be mentioned, to appear
Did anything interesting come up in the meeting?
The idea of moving the company out of the city came up in the meeting.
A new vacancy has come up because one of the managers has retired.
come up against something
to meet or face
You come up against all sorts of discrimination when you work for a big company.
We came up against a number of problems when we tried to open a branch in France.
come up with something
to think of
The manager's secretary came up with a really good idea in the meeting.
We've been trying to find a solution to the problem for a long time now, but we still haven't come up with
anything.
crack down (on something)
to act more strictly
Staff have been told they can't send personal emails from work. Management will be cracking down in future.
If we want to save money we should begin by cracking down on personal phone calls made from work.
crop up
to appear or happen unexpectedly
Something's cropped up, so I won't be able to come to the meeting.
If any problems crop up while I'm on holiday, just ask one of the other managers.
cross something/someone off (a list)
cross something out
to delete, to draw a line through
OK, I've phoned those two clients, so they can be crossed off.
The sales manager will be in London next week and can't come to the meeting, so you can cross him off.
Yes or No. Cross out whichever doesn't apply.
That's not how you spell it. Cross it out and write it again.
cut back (on) (something)
to reduce
If sales continue to fall, we'll have to cut back production until things improve.
We were spending far too much money on entertaining clients, but we've managed to cut back.
They need to cut back on their investment programme.
cut down (on something)
to reduce consumption
I'm still smoking too much. I've tried to cut down, but it's impossible.
If we cut down on photocopies we won't need to buy so much toner.
cut someone off
disconnect a phone call
I was just talking to someone in the sales department, but I was cut off.
I pressed the wrong button on the switchboard and cut him off. He'll phone back in a minute.
Grammar notes: phrasal verbs d-fdeal with something/someone
to take action on something
to be responsible for
to have as its subject
to do business with
We should deal with the staff problems now before they get too serious.
The computer maintenance team can deal with any type of emergency.
The report deals with the introduction of new technology.
This company has many years of experience in dealing with customers from abroad.
We have been dealing with a number of multinationals ever since we opened our office in London.
do away with something
to abolish
We've finally done away with the manual system for goods registration.
The profit margin has been much higher ever since the company did away with its labour intensive production
system.
drag on
to continue slowly and boringly
The meeting dragged on for hours and we still didn't come to a decision.
The chairman's speech seemed to drag on for ever. I had difficulty staying awake.
drag something out
to prolong unnecessarily
The presentation should only last two hours, but they want me to drag it out for three.
It's usually a four-day course, but I can drag it out with some practice sessions if you like.
draw something up
to prepare
to compose
If you decide to buy the company, we can draw up a contract within seven days.
We'll have to draw up a list of all the people who might want to attend the conference.
end up as something
end up somewhere
end up doing something
to eventually become
to eventually find oneself/itself
She started in the company as a secretary. Who would have thought she would end up as the managing
director?
The plane was diverted because of fog, so we ended up in Barcelona instead of Valencia.
That temporary secretary is completely useless! He made so many mistakes in the report that I ended up
doing it myself.
face up to something
to accept a situation and take action
You have to face up to the fact that things have changed since you opened the company. You need to
modernise.
We argued for hours, but he finally faced up to the problem and he's going to call a meeting to discuss it next
week.
fall off
to decrease
Sales have fallen off ever since we introduced the new packaging. Nobody likes it.
The number of people coming into the office has fallen off since we set up the website.
fall through
to not succeed
The plans we had to relocate the company fell through because we couldn't get planning permission.
We've put so much effort into this project that I'll be very annoyed if it falls through.
fill something in
to complete
fill in (for someone)
to substitute for someone at work
fill someone in (on something)
to give information about
Please fill in the application form and return it to us as soon as possible.
You have to fill in all the boxes marked with an asterisk, otherwise the computer rejects it.
Our usual receptionist is on maternity leave at the moment, but one of the secretaries is filling in for her.
I don't usually do this job. I'm just filling in.
Come into my office and I'll fill you in on everything that happened in the meeting.
Have you heard the news? Come down to the bar and I'll fill you in.
find (something) out
find out (about something)
to discover
Did you know that the sales manager is being replaced? I've only just found out.
You've got the number of his private line? How did you find that out? I've been trying to get it for months.
He found out about the redundancy plans from the union representative.
fit in (with something/people)
to work well with others in a group
to complement or be in harmony with
fit something/someone in
to have/find enough time
The new designer fits in really well. The team has done some excellent work since he arrived.
I think we'll have to terminate his contract because he doesn't fit in with the other people in the office.
No, I don't want to expand abroad. That doesn't fit in with the plans I have for the company.
Well, I'm busy on Monday and Tuesday, but I could fit you in on Wednesday morning at about 11 o'clock.
Everyone's got lots of work, but we've got to fit the meeting in before the end of the week.
Grammar notes: phrasal verbs gget something across
to make people understand
The advertising campaign should get it across to people that our product is the best.
The company is in financial trouble, and this meeting has been called to get that message across.
get down to something
to start
I'll just introduce everyone, and then we'll get down to business.
We've been chatting far too long. It's time we got down to some work.
get on (with something)
to continue
to progress
get on (with someone)
to have a good relationship
I must get on now or I'll never finish this report before the deadline.
You started a new job last month, didn't you? How are you getting on?
How are you getting on with that report? Nearly finished?
I wish my old boss hadn't retired. My new boss and I don't get on.
The old manager was very easy to get on with.
It's difficult to get on well with the new manager.
get through (to someone)
to contact by phone
At last! I've been ringing all morning. It's taken me ages to get through.
I was ringing you all day yesterday, but I couldn't get through.
I finally got through to the department I wanted, but they said it would be best to go to the office in person.
give something away
to give without receiving payment
When we renewed our computer system we gave all the old equipment away to the local secondary school.
It's such a terrible product you couldn't give it away.
give something out
to distribute
We'll be giving out copies of the chairman's speech at the end of the morning.
You need to give these feedback forms out before the end of the session. And make sure you collect them
back in again.
go ahead (with something)
to proceed
You're the expert. Go ahead and do whatever you think best.
I've spoken to the client and he says we can go ahead with the advertising campaign.
go-ahead (noun)
Have you got the go-ahead for the plans yet?
We have to wait for the director to give us the go-ahead.
go along with something
to agree to
OK, I'll go along with that idea.
He never has any suggestions to make. He just goes along with what everyone else says.
go down (well/badly etc)
to be received
The ideas we had for the future didn't go down well at the meeting.
How did your suggestion go down?
So you told your boss that he didn't know how to manage people. I can imagine how that went down.
go into something
to talk about in detail
"What about the plans for the new building?" " We can go into that later, after this meeting."
You don't need to go into all the details. Just tell me yes or no.
go on (with something)
go on (doing something)
to continue
go on
to happen
Sorry I'm late. Please go on.
OK, go on. I'm ready.
While everyone else was looking out of the window at what was happening in the street, he just went on with
his work.
She went on working until the day before she had the baby.
What's going on? Why isn't anyone working?
go through
to be completed successfully
go through something
to check/examine
to experience
If we get the buyer's signature this afternoon, the deal can go through by the end of the week.
My application to join the club went through last month.
Go through your notes before the presentation to make sure you haven't forgotten anything.
Don't mention taxes! We don't want to go through that again.
I don't want to go through a journey like that again. It took nine hours to get here from Madrid.
go under
to go bankrupt
We'll have to cut the number of staff, otherwise the company will go under.
Some of our smaller competitors have gone under because they got into too much debt.
Grammar notes: phrasal verbs h-lhand something out
to distribute
Can you hand out the brochures to everyone who attends the presentation, please?
Wouldn't it be better to hand them out afterwards? People might not concentrate on what we're saying
otherwise.
hand-out (noun)
The hand-outs need to be photocopied.
Stop asking me for money! If you want a hand-out, ask someone rich!
hand something over
to give to someone else
When the managing director retired, she handed over the running of the company to her son.
Responsibility will be handed over to you at the end of the financial year.
handover (noun)
The official handover took place at the Shareholders' Annual Meeting.
hang on (and hold on)
to wait
hang on to something
to keep in your possession
Hang on a minute. I've just got to make a phone call.
Can you hang on while I check for you, or would you like me to ring you back?
Do we really need to hang on to these old files? They're all on computer now.
You should hang on to those old typewriters - they're really useful for completing forms.
hit on something
to think of
We've hit on a brilliant idea for the new advertising campaign!
I think you've hit on something very important there.
hold on (see hang on)
hold something up
to delay
Sorry I'm late. I was held up by my last appointment.
We can hold the process up till the end of the week, but we'll need to have everything ready for Monday.
hold-up (noun)
The leaflets aren't ready yet. There's been a hold-up at the printer's.
keep someone on
to not dismiss from work
When the factory closed, the only person kept on was the accountant.
I realise we'll have to lose a lot of the staff, but the minimum number we need to keep on is twenty.
key something in
to type into the computer
All the new data needs to be keyed in. Make sure you take a break from time to time so you don't strain your
eyes.
The figures don't tally. Someone must have keyed the information in wrongly.
lay someone off
to dismiss from work
We're going to have to lay off some staff until we get some more orders.
It's seasonal work, so he generally gets laid off at the end of October.
lay-off (noun)
There's not much money around because of all the lay-offs at the factory.
leak out
to become known
News of the redundancies has leaked out, and now the union representatives want to have a meeting with you.
Well, I don't know how that leaked out, but it was only discussed by the Board of Directors yesterday.
look down on someone
to consider inferior
He looks down on everyone else because he's the only one in the department who went to Oxford.
He's not the right person to be in charge of customer services because he looks down on anyone who hasn't
got the same accent as he has.
look forward to something
to anticipate with pleasure
I look forward to hearing from you.
I'm looking forward to the weekend. At last I'll be able to have a good rest.
look into something
to investigate
What about that problem with the agency? Have you looked into it yet?
I apologise for the delay. We're looking into the causes now, and hope to have everything back to normal by
this afternoon.
look up
to improve
look something up
to find information (when you know where it is)
We've got new orders worth £25,000. Things are looking up at last!
Things must be looking up - we're getting a Christmas bonus this year!
Can you look the phone number up for me, please?
I looked it up in the dictionary, but it wasn't there. Maybe it's under a different spelling.
look up to someone
to respect
If the staff don't feel they can look up to you, then you can't be the right person for the job.
Everyone looked up to the old manager because he always listened to what people had to say.
Grammar notes: phrasal verbs m-pmake something out
to manage to see or hear
make it out to someone
to write a cheque
What's this figure here in the accounts? I can't make it out.
You'll really have to improve your accent when you speak Spanish. I can't make out what you're saying.
Who shall I make it out to?
Shall I make the cheque out for cash?
make up for something
to compensate for
At least the sales contract from the Ministry will make up for the orders we lost because of the transport
strike.
When everyone comes back from holiday we'll have to work extra hours to make up for lost time.
miss something out
to not include
Can you check through the list and see if I've missed anything out?
If you miss out the @ in an email address, the message won't get sent.
own up (to something)
to admit to
OK. Own up! Who's taken my cigarettes?
The boss is never going to forget about that report being lost. I suppose I should own up to having left it in a
taxi.
pass someone over
to not consider for promotion
If they pass me over for promotion again this year I'm going to find a new job.
He's depressed because he's been passed over again.
pay something off
to finish paying money you owe
Once we pay off the bank loan, we'll be able to invest our profits in the company.
If you took out a 25-year mortgage in 1995 to buy your house, it won't be paid off until 2020.
phase something in
to introduce gradually
The changes in pension contributions can be phased in gradually as people join the firm.
We'll be phasing the changes in over the next few years so as to minimise disruption to the production
process.
pick up
to improve
pick something up
to learn by experience
Sales are often slow in the summer. Things should pick up around October.
If orders don't pick up soon we'll have to think about reducing production.
Probably the best way to learn the job is to sit with one of the staff and see what they do. You'll soon pick it
up.
The new secretary speaks four languages. Apparently she picked them up while travelling around Europe.
point something out
to draw attention to
I really must point out how important this meeting is. The company's future depends on it.
I pointed it out to him in the meeting but he didn't seem to think it was important.
pull something off
to succeed in doing something
The negotiations went on and on, but he finally pulled off the deal.
He's pulled it off! We've won the order!
pull out (of something)
to not continue
Once the other company discovered the size of the order, they pulled out.
We made it completely clear that we wouldn't sell for less than £3m, so the buyer pulled out of the deal.
put something forward
to make a suggestion
The new manager put forward her ideas for cutting costs as soon as the meeting started.
She wanted a ban on overtime, but I put that forward at the last meeting and everyone thought it was a
terrible idea.
put in for something
to request officially
I've put in for three weeks' holiday next August, but they probably won't let me have more than two.
There's a job going now that the Head of Personnel has retired. Why don't you put in for it?
put something off
to postpone
put someone off
to dissuade
to distract
The report isn't finished yet, so we'll have to put the meeting off until next week.
The expansion programme has been put off until the economy improves.
What do you mean, he wants to come to the office this afternoon? Can't you put him off?
Can I borrow your office? The roadworks outside my window are putting me off my work.
put someone through
to connect by phone
Hello, could you put me through to the Sales Department, please?
I'm sorry, you were put through to this extension by mistake. I'll transfer you to the right department.
Grammar notes: phrasal verbs r-sreckon on something
to expect
He's decided to resign from his job? Well, I hadn't reckoned on that happening.
I think we can probably reckon on a minimum of 25 people coming to the training course.
ring (someone) back
to phone again
He'll be in the office after 3 o'clock, if you'd like to ring back then.
Sorry, I've got a meeting now. I'll ring you back as soon as it's finished.
ring off
to end a phone call
I was speaking to him earlier, but his boss called him into the office so he rang off without telling me the
news.
I'll have to ring off now because the meeting's about to start. See you later.
rule something/someone out
to eliminate
So who gets the manager's job when he leaves? Well, both of us can be ruled out because we've only been
working here six months.
If we lower the prices of our products, we can't rule out the possibility that our competitors will do exactly the
same.
run out (of something)
to have no more
I can't print any more copies. The ink's run out.
I can't print any more copies. The printer's run out of ink.
run through something
to check by repeating
I want to run through the presentation just once more to make sure I've got it right.
Let's run through the names again and see if we can think of anyone else.
rush into something
to decide too quickly
I'm not going to rush into anything now. Leave me the details and I'll look at them when I have a bit more
time.
Let's not rush into a decision on this. Think about it over the weekend, and we'll meet back here at 10 o'clock
on Monday morning.
scale something down
to reduce in size
We're going to have to scale down the plans for expansion until there's an upturn in the economy.
Your projected costs will have to be scaled down. Remember, there are other departments that want money
for new equipment too!
see to something
to do, to deal with
I'll see to the arrangements for next week's meeting if you deal with the work outstanding for today.
The photocopier needs seeing to. It hasn't been working properly for at least a week.
set someone back something
to cost
I know that this building isn't big enough for us now, but a new building will set the company back millions of
pounds.
The new equipment we bought for the R&D Department set us back over £500,000.
set off
to leave on a journey
I had to book you on the early flight because the usual one was full. You'll need to set off really early.
If we set off from here at around eleven, we should be there in plenty of time for the meeting.
set something up
to start, to establish, to install equipment
The company was set up by the current director in 1987.
We can set up a committee to look at the possibility of changing the company's pension scheme.
Set up the screen and the camera in front of the table so we can see them and they'll be able to see us.
shoot up
to increase rapidly
The number of accidents in the factory has shot up recently. We'll have to check our safety measures because
something's clearly going wrong.
The price of raw materials is shooting up, and soon we'll have to think about passing the cost on to the
consumer.
sink in
to be slowly understood
How long is it going to take to sink in? The company's in trouble and something needs to be done about it
now!
The news of the company cutbacks may take a while to sink in, but you should prepare yourself to deal with
lots of queries from the staff.
sort something out
to solve a problem
I'll speak to you as soon as I've sorted out this problem with the Inland Revenue.
We're still having problems with the internet connections. I thought you were going to sort it out.
speak up
to speak more loudly
I'm sorry, this is a very bad line. Can you speak up?
You'll have to speak up or the people at the back won't be able to hear.
stand for something
to represent
This company has always stood for quality and reliability, and that's not going to change.
The letters R&D stand for Research and Development.
stand in (for someone)
to take someone's place
I'm sorry, I can't help you. I'm just standing in (for her) until she comes back to work tomorrow. Could you
ring back then?
The personnel manager's just phoned in sick, so we need to find someone to stand in for him on the training
course.
step something up
to increase
If we get any more orders we'll need to step up production.
The speed with which we deal with complaints needs to be stepped up.
sum (something) up
to summarise the main points
So, to sum up, the main points to remember are that we need to find new markets, invest in new
technology....
If I had to sum it up in one word, I would say that the image of this company is reliability.
Grammar notes: phrasal verbs t-ztake something down
to note information
You'll need to take down everything we say in the meeting, enter it on the computer, then print it out and
give everyone a copy.
OK, I'll take down all your details and then your complaint can be passed to the relevant department.
take something on
to assume responsibility
to employ
Your secretary can take on the extra work until we find a permanent replacement.
I don't really want to be promoted because I don't want to take on the extra responsibility.
We'll need to take on extra staff over the summer to cover the people on holiday.
take something out
to obtain a legal or official document
The company can take out a short-term loan to pay for the new computer system, and then pay it back with
the money saved by reducing the number of staff.
We took out extra insurance to cover possible losses caused by computer viruses.
take something over
to gain control
take over from someone
to replace
The shop was taken over by one of its competitors.
We took the company over in 1996, and since then we have doubled profits.
We need to recruit a new secretary to take over from yours while she's on maternity leave.
touch on something
to mention
I'd like to touch on a number of subjects in this meeting.
The manager didn't touch on the subject of staff reductions in the meeting with the union rep.
turn something down
to refuse, reject, to reduce
I'm afraid your application has been turned down again.
I'd love to accept your offer of a job, but I'll have to turn it down because I'm happy with my present
company.
It's so hot in this office! Can't we turn the heating down?
turn (something) out
to produce
turn out to be
turn out that
to end as
Once we get the new machinery installed, the factory will be able to turn out twice the number of cars it
produces today.
Your plan for cutting costs turned out to be very successful, so we've decided to give you a bonus.
It turned out that the new manager went to school with the director, but they hadn't seen each other for 20
years.
walk out
to leave in protest
The factory staff walked out when they heard that the union representative had been disciplined for attending
a meeting.
If you walk out now you won't have the opportunity to come back!
weigh something up
to assess
We'll have to weigh the situation up very carefully before we take any action.
I weighed up all the pros and cons before I decided to leave the old job and take the new one.
wind (something) down
to reduce business
The business has been winding down ever since the director left it to his brother.
When production was relocated to Manchester, the London branch was gradually wound down.
work something out
to solve a problem
work out
to be all right in the end
Can you give me a hand? I can't work this calculation out at all.
I've read the instructions, but I still can't work out how this program works.
Don't worry. It'll all work out OK.
Phrasal Verb Meaning Sentence
Abide by Accept or follow a decision or rule
Account for To explain
Ache for Want something or someone a lot
Act on /Act uponTo take action because of something like information received.
Act on /Act upon Affect
Act out Perform something with actions and gestures
Act out Express an emotion in your behaviour
Act up Behave badly or strangely
Add on Include in a calculation
Add up To make a mathematical total
Add up Be a satisfactory explanation for something
Add up to Have a certain result
Add up to Come to a certain amount or figure
Agree withAffect- usually used in the negative to show that something has had a negative effect, especially is it makes you feel bad.
Aim at To target
Aim at Intend to achieve
Allow for Include something in a plan or calculation
Allow of Make possible, permit
Angle forTry to get something indirectly by hinting or suggesting
Answer back To reply rudely to someone in authority
Answer for Be held responsible for a problem
Answer forSpeak on behalf of someone or from knowing them
Argue downBeat someone in a debate, discussion or argument
Argue downPersuade someone to drop the price of something they're selling.
Argue down Argue about a problem to find a solution.
Ask aboutAsk how someone is doing, especially professionally and in terms of a health
Ask afterEnquire about someone's health, how life is going.
Ask aroundAsk a number of people for information of help.
Ask around Invite someone.
Ask for To provoke a negative reaction
Ask for Request to have or be given.
Ask in To invite somebody into your house
Ask out To invite someone for a date.
Ask over Invite
Ask round Invite someone.
Auction off Sell something in an auction.
English - Auxiliariesam, is, are, was, were, do, does, did, have, has, had are called Primary Auxiliaries.
Will, shall, would, should, can, could, may, might, ought to, must, need are called Modal Auxiliaries.
The Primary Auxiliaries can be used as helping verbs as well as principal verbs.
The Modal Auxiliaries are always used as helping verbs. In other words they cannot be used as Principal verbs.
Eg., AmI am a software professional. I am working for Wipro.
In the above first sentence ‘am’ was used as a principal verb and in the second it was used as a helping verb.
IsHe is a doctor. He is performing a surgery at the movement.
AreWe are students of Hansraj College. We are participating in a football tournament here.
WasKalidasa was a great poet. Gopal was riding a bi-cycle when he was hit by a scooter.
WereThey were my classmates in Dehradun. They were going to Goa when their train met with an accident.
HaveI have many grammar books at home. I have read all of them.
Has He has a laptop with him.He has put it in his briefcase.
HadI had a beautiful pen. I had bought it in 2004.
DoThey do their work sincerely. They do not go home before 8 pm.
DoesHe does his work efficiently. He does not waste even a single minute.
DidShe did her job. Did she come to office yesterday?
Modal Auxiliaries Modal Auxiliaries can only be used as a helping verb.
Will – It is used to express intention. It is normally used in future tense. We will go to Jaisalmer next week.They will visit our place in February. Will they accompany you for lunch?
Would – It is the past form of will.He would complete his work by this time tomorrow. She would be going for her dance classes from next week. Would you like to have a glass of water?
Shall Shall I take leave tomorrow?Shall we go on a picnic next week?Shall we have coffee in CP?
Should You should pay attention in the class.Should I accompany her to her house?You should drink two glasses of water daily in the morning.
May – It is used to indicate possibility. I may come to your house tomorrow. It may rain in the evening. Government may hike the price of petrol and diesel. May I borrow your book for a couple of days?
Might – It is the past form of may and is used to express less certain situations. I might take a leave tomorrow. Dad might come to office the day after tomorrow. Mid term elections might be announced in mid March.
ADVERBAdverbs are used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb:
Kinds of Adverbs
1. Adverbs of MannerThe Adverbs like wisely, foolishly, well, fast, slowly, bravely shows how (or the manner in which) an action is done. Such Adverbs are called Adverbs of Manner. Adverb of Manner answer the question -'How'?
For Example:
1. She ran fast.
2. Adverbs of PlaceThe Adverbs like outside, everywhere, here, there, hither, thither, out, forward shows where an action is done. Such Adverbs are called Adverbs of Place. Adverb of Place answer the question -'where'?
For Example:
1. School children are playing outside.
3. Adverbs of TimeThe Adverbs today like yesterday, tomorrow, daily, early, presently, immediately show when an action is done are called Adverbs of time. Adverb of time answer the question -'when'?
For Example:
1. School children do their homework daily.
4. Adverbs of NumberThe Adverbs which shows how often an action is done like twice, always, done. Adverb of Number answer the question -'How often'?
For Example:
1. He seldom came here.
5. Adverbs of DegreeThese Adverbs, which show how much or to what extent a thing is done, are called Adverb of Degree.
For Example:
1. The coffee was extremely hot.
6. Interrogative AdverbsAdverbs which are used for asking questions are called 'Interrogative Adverbs'.
For Example:
1. When did he come?
ADJECTIVESADJECTIVES
Adjective gives more specific about noun or pronoun.
It may answer any of three specific questions about the noun(s) or pronoun(s) : what kind?, which one(s)? or how many?
Adjectives are also called modifiers because they modify the image of noun we have in mind. For example if we say Car which is noun, It is very general term now if we specify more clearly white BMW car it gives more clear picture of the same.
Articles are kind of Adjectives which give information about Nouns
Read More on Articles
Proper Adjectives
They look like proper nouns because they are captialized but they are modifying nouns, and therefore are called adjectives.
It will answer the question what kind or which one? about the noun.
For Example : Darjeeling Tea is very famous around the world.
Now, kind of Tea is Darjeeling (which is a place in India). Here, it is Proper Adjective.
Possessive Adjectives
A possessive adjective ("my," "your," "his," "her," "its," "our," "their") is similar or identical to a possessive pronoun; however, it is used as an adjective and modifies a noun or a noun phrase.
Demonstrative Adjectives
The demonstrative adjectives "this," "these," "that," "those," and "what" are identical to the demonstrative pronouns, but are used as adjectives to modify nouns or noun phrase.
Interrogative Adjectives
An interrogative adjective ("which" or "what") is like an interrogative pronoun, except that it modifies a noun or noun phrase rather than standing on its own.
Indefinite Adjectives
An indefinite adjective is similar to an indefinite pronoun, except that it modifies a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase.
ADJECTIVESADJECTIVES : Degree of Comparison
Adjective change in form when they show comparison.
Positive Degree: An adjective is said to be in the positive degree when there is no comparison.
Comparative Degree: An adjective is said to be in the comparitive degree when it is used to compare two nouns/pronouns.
Superlative Degree: An adjective is in superlative degree when it is used to compare more than two nouns/pronouns. We use the article 'the' before the superlative degrees.
Formation of Comparative & Superlative Degrees of Adjectives
Adjectives usually form their comparative and superlative degrees:
1) by addition of '-er' and '-est' to the positive degree
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
bright brighter brightest
black blacker blackest
bold bolder boldest
clever cleverer cleverest
cold colder coldest
fast faster fastest
great greater greatest
high higher highest
kind kinder kindest
long longer longest
rich richer richest
small smaller smallest
strong stronger strongest
sweet sweeter sweetest
tall taller tallest
thick thicker thickest
young younger youngest
2) by addition of '-r' and '-st' to the positive degree ending in 'e'
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
brave braver bravest
fine finer finest
large larger largest
nice nicer nicest
noble nobler noblest
pale paler palest
simple simpler simplest
wise wiser wisest
white whiter whitest
3) When the positive ends in 'y' and has a consonant before it, we change 'y' into 'i' and then add 'er' and 'est'.
By deleting the final ‘y’ and adding ‘ier’ and ‘iest’
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
costly costlier costliest
dry drier driest
easy easier easiest
happy happier happiest
heavy heavier heaviest
lazy lasier lasiest
mercy mercier merciest
wealthy wealthier wealthiest
4) when the positive degree ends in a consonant with a vowel before it, we double the consonant & then add '-er' and '-est'
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
big bigger biggest
dim dimmer dimmest
fat fatter fattest
hot hotter hottest
thin thinner thinnest
5) by addition of '-er' and '-est' to the positive degree when it ends in '-y'
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
gay gayer gayest
grey greyer greyest
5) by placing 'more' and 'most' before the positive form
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
active more active most active
attractive more attractive most attractive
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
brilliant more brilliant most brilliant
careful more careful most careful
courageous more courageous most courageous
cunning more cunning most cunning
difficult more difficult most difficult
famous more famous most famous
faithful more faithful most faithful
important more important most important
proper more proper most proper
popular more popular most popular
splendid more splendid most splendid
suitable more suitable most suitable
Some adjectives do not follow any of the rules explained earlier. They are compared irregularly. Here are the different forms of such adjectives.
POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
bad worse worst
evil worse worst
good better best
ill worse worst
far farther farthest
well better best
late later latest (time)
late later last (position)
little less least
much more most
many more most
near nearer nearest
old older oldest
old elder eldest
PREPOSITIONSPrepositions is a word that connects one thing with another, showing how they are related.
Types of Prepositions
--- OF PLACE
Prepositions that gives us information about the place, location or position of a noun or pronoun in relation to something else are called prepositions of place.
For Example:
1) My uncle lives at Lahore in Pakistan.
* A preposition is usually followed by a noun or pronoun.
For Example:
My brother is jumping into the pool.
* Some prepositions are used to talk about time.
For Example:
We have dinner at 9:00 AM.
CONJUNCTIONSA conjunction is a linking word such as and, or, but. Conjuctions are used to connect words or sentences.
Conjuctions of Time:
Before, after, as, when, while, until, since are also conjuctions of time because they tell when something has happen.
Conjunctions are divided into two classes: -
a) Co-ordinative
b) Subordinative
a) Co- ordinative Conjuctions : join sentences of equal rank.
Co-ordinative Conjunctions
And Sprouts and juice is healthy breakfast.
But He is good person but he is short tempered.
Else Take precautions else you will fell ill.
Or Would you like to have coffee or tea?
b) Sub- ordinative Conjuctions : join sentences of unequal parts.
Co-ordinative Conjunctions
after
although
as
because
before
but that
if
in order that
lest
no matter
how
since
so that
supposing
than
that
though
till
unless
until
what
when
whenever
where
whereas
wherever
whether
which
while
who
why
even though
INTERJECTIONSAn Interjection is a word that expresses a sudden feeling such as suprise, pain or pleasure. Often exclamation point (!) is used after interjections.
For Example :- Cheers! Ssh!Ouch!Hooray!Aah!Wow!
English - TensesWe express our ideas mostly in terms of time. Tenses come to the aid of communicator in this regard.
There are three type of Tenses :
I) Present TenseII) Past TenseIII) Future Tense
Each Tense has four sub categories. They are :
I) Present Tensea) Simple Present
b) Present Continuousc) Present Perfect
d) Present Perfect Continuous
English - Present TensesEnglish :: Tenses :: Present Tenses I) Present Tense
(a) Simple Present : This Tense is used to express the habits, daily routine and universal truths. In this tense the first form of the verb is used.
Taking the verb ‘eat’ we can make sentences in the following manner :
The formula for simple present is Subject + V1
I eat an apple everyday. We eat apples everyday. You eat apples everyday. He eats an apple everyday. She eats an apple everyday. It eats an apple everyday. They eat apples everyday.
(b) Present Continuous : This Tense is used to express an action which is continuing or taking place now. In this tense the ‘ing’ form of the verb is used.
The formula for present continuous is Subject + Aux +V4 (ing form)
I am eating an apple now. We are eating apples now. You are eating an apple now. He is eating an apple now. She is eating an apple now. It is eating an apple now. They are eating apples now.
(c) Present Perfect : This Tense is used to express an action which is over just now or completed today. In this tense the third form of the verb is used.
The formula for present perfect is Subject +Auxiliary Verb + V3 (Past Participle Form)
I have eaten an apple today. We have eaten apples today. You have eaten an apple today.He has eaten an apple today.She has eaten an apple today.It has eaten an apple today.They have eaten apples today.
(c) Present Perfect Continuous : This Tense is used to express an action which began at some point of time in the past and is still continuing. In this tense the ‘ing’ form of the verb is used.
The formula for present perfect continuous is Subject+Aux+Aux+V4(ing form)
I have been eating apples for the last three months. We have been eating apples for the last three months. You have been eating apples for the last three months. He has been eating apples for the last three months. She has been eating apples for the last three months.It has been eating apples for the last three months. They have been eating apples for the last three months.
II) Past Tensea) Simple Pastb) Past Continuousc) Past Perfectd) Past Perfect Continuous
English - Past TensesEnglish :: Tenses :: Past Tenses II) Past Tense
(a) Simple Past : This Tense is used to express an action which is over or completed at some point of time in the past. In this tense the second form of the verb is used.
The formula for simple past is Subject + V2
I ate an apple yesterday.We ate apples yesterday.You ate an apple yesterday.He ate an apple yesterday.She ate an apple yesterday.It ate an apple yesterday.They ate apples yesterday.
(b) Past Continuous : This Tense is used to express an action which was continuing at some point of time in the past. In this tense the ‘ing’ form of the verb is used.
The formula for past continuous is Subject +Aux + V4(ing form)
I was eating an apple yesterday.We were eating apples yesterday.You were eating an apple yesterday.He was eating an apple yesterday.She was eating an apple yesterday.It was eating an apple yesterday.They were eating apples yesterday.
(c) Past Perfect : This Tense is used to express an action which was over long ago. In this tense the third form of the verb is used.
The formula for past perfect is Subject +Aux + V3
I had eaten an apple six years ago.We had eaten apples six years ago.You had eaten an apple six years ago.He had eaten an apple six years ago.She had eaten an apple six years ago.It had eaten an apple six years ago.They had eaten apples six years ago.
(d) Past Perfect Continuous : This Tense is used to express an action which began at some point of time in the past, continued for some time and was subsequently discontinued. In this tense the ‘ing’ form of the verb is used.
The formula for past perfect continuous is Subject +Aux +Aux + V4(ing form)
I had been eating apples until last year.We had been eating apples until last year.You had been eating apples until last year.He had been eating apples until last year.She had been eating apples until last year.It had been eating apples until last year.They had been eating apples until last year.
III) Future Tensea) Simple Futureb) Future Continuousc) Future Perfectd) Future Perfect Continuous
English - Future TensesEnglish :: Tenses :: Future Tenses III) Future Tense
(a) Simple Future : This Tense is used to express intention. In this tense the first form of the verb is used.
The formula for simple future is Subject + Aux + V1
I will eat an apple tomorrow. We will eat apples tomorrow. You will eat an apple tomorrow. He will eat an apple tomorrow. She will eat an apple tomorrow. It will eat an apple tomorrow. They will eat apples tomorrow.
Here it may be mentioned that strict grammar rules prefer the use of ‘shall’ for ‘I’ and ‘We’ – First person singular and plural. However, in interrogative sentences ‘shall’ has to be used with ‘I & We’ instead of ‘will’.
(b) Future Continuous : This Tense is used to express an action which is imagined to be continuing at some point of time in future. In this tense the ‘ing’ form of the verb is used.
The formula for future continuous is Subject +Aux+Aux+ V4(ing form)
I will be eating an apple tomorrow in the evening.We will be eating apples tomorrow in the evening.You will be eating an apple tomorrow in the evening.He will be eating an apple tomorrow in the evening.She will be eating an apple tomorrow in the evening.It will be eating an apple tomorrow in the evening.They will be eating apples tomorrow in the evening.
(c) Future Perfect : This Tense is used to express an action which is imagined to have been completed at some point of time in future. It may be noted that this tense is basically theoretical and rarely used.
The formula for future perfect is Subject+Aux+Aux+V3
I will have eaten an apple by this time tomorrow.We will have eaten apples by this time tomorrow.You will have eaten an apple by this time tomorrow.He will have eaten an apple by this time tomorrow.She will have eaten an apple by this time tomorrow.It will have eaten an apple by this time tomorrow.They will have eaten apples by this time tomorrow.
(d) Future Perfect Continuous : This Tense is used to express an action which is imagined to began at some point of time in future and continue for sometime. It may be noted that this tense is basically theoretical and rarely used. In this tense the ‘ing’ form of the verb is used.
The formula for future perfect is Subject+Aux+Aux+Aux +V4
I will have been eating apples from next year. We will have been eating apples from next year. You will have been eating apples from next year. He will have been eating apples from next year. She will have been eating apples from next year. It will have been eating apples from next year. They will have been eating apples from next year.
And English grammar has classified human beings, animals and things into 7 categories.
They are : I, We, You, He, She, It and They.
‘I’ is called First Person Singular.‘We’ is called First Person Plural. ‘You’ is called Second Person Singular / Plural. ‘He’ is called Third Person Singular. ‘She’ is called Third Person Singular.‘It’ is called Third Person Singular.‘They’ is called Third Person Plural.
One should be extremely careful in the use of third person singular especially in Simple Present and Present Perfect Tenses.
English - VerbsProper use of verbs is very important to speak and write correct English. Every verb has three forms (Base Form, Past Form, Past Participle Form) followed by its ‘ing’ form. We are presenting you verb list in a easy to learn form. It has been segregated as follows :
Verbs in which all the three forms are differentVerbs in which all two forms are identical
Verbs in which all three forms are identical
Following is the list of Verbs in which all the three forms are different
Base Form Past Form Past Participle Form ‘ing’ form
Abide Abided Abided/Abidden Abiding
Arise Arose Arisen Arising
Awake Awoke Awoken Awaking
Be Was/Were Been Being
Bear Bore Born/Borne Bearing
Beat Beat Beaten Beating
Begin Began Begun Beginning
Bid Bade Bidden Bidding
Bite Bit Bitten Biting
Blow Blew Blown Blowing
Break Broke Broken Breaking
Choose Chose Chosen Choosing
Do Did Done Doing
Draw Drew Drawn Drawing
Drink Drank Drunk Drinking
Drive Drove Driven Driving
Eat Ate Eaten Eating
Fall Fell Fallen Falling
Fly Flew Flown Flying
Forbid Forbade Forbidden Forbidding
Foresee Foresaw Foreseen Foreseeing
Forget Forgot Forgotten Forgetting
Forgive Forgave Forgiven Forgiving
Forsake Forsook Forsaken Forsaking
Freeze Froze Frozen Freezing
Give Gave Given Giving
Go Went Gone Going
Grow Grew Grown Growing
Hide Hid Hidden Hiding
Know Knew Known Knowing
Lie Lay Lain Lying
Mistake Mistook Mistaken Mistaking
Mow Mowed Mown Mowing
Overdraw Overdrew Overdrawn Overdrawing
Overtake Overtook Overtaken Overtaking
Re-prove Re-proved Re-proven/Re-proved Re-proving
Ride Rode Ridden Riding
Ring Rang Rung Ringing
Rise Rose Risen Rising
Rive Rived Riven/Rived Riving
Saw Sawed Sawn/Sawed Sawing
See Saw Seen Seeing
Sew Sewed Sewn/Sewed Sewing
Shake Shook Shaken Shaking
Shave Shaved Shaven/Shaved Shaving
Show Showed Shown Showing
Shrink Shrank Shrunk Shrinking
Sing Sang Sung Singing
Sink Sank Sunk Sinking
Slay Slew Slain Slaying
Slide Slid Slid/Slidden Sliding
Sow Sowed Sown Sowing
Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking
Spin Span/Spun Spun Spinning
Spit Spat/Spit Spat/Spit Spitting
Split Split Split Splitting
Spoil Spoilt/Spoiled Spoilt/Spoiled Spoiling
Spread Spread Spread Spreading
Spring Sprang Sprung Springing
Stand Stood Stood Standing
Steal Stole Stolen Stealing
Stride Strode/Strided Stridden Striding
Strike Struck Struck/Stricken Striking
Strive Strove Striven Striving
Swear Swore Sworn Swearing
Swell Swelled Swollen Swelling
Swim Swam Swum Swimming
Take Took Taken Taking
Thrive Throve/Thrived Thriven/Thrived Thriving
Throw Threw Thrown Throwing
Tread Trod Trodden Treading
Undergo Underwent Undergone Undergoing
Undertake Undertook Undertaken Undertaking
Wake Woke Woken Waking
Wear Wore Worn Wearing
Weave Wove Woven Weaving
Withdraw Withdrew Withdrawn Withdrawing
Write Wrote Written Writing
Verbs in which all two forms are identical
Base Form Past Form Past Participle Form ‘ing’ form
Alight Alit/Alighted Alit/Alighted Alighting
Bend Bent Bent Bending
Become Became Become Becoming
Behold Beheld Beheld Beholding
Bleed Bled Bled Bleeding
Bring Brought Brought Bringing
Buy Bought Bought Buying
Bind Bound Bound Binding
Broadcast Broadcast/Broadcasted Broadcast/Broadcasted Broadcasting
Burn Burnt/Burned Burnt/Burned Burning
Build Built Built Building
Breed Bred Bred Breeding
Catch Caught Caught Catching
Cost Cost Cost Costing
Clap Clapped/Clapt Clapped/Clapt Clapping
Clothe Clad/Clothed Clad/Clothed Clothing
Come Came Come Coming
Creep Crept Crept Creeping
Dare Dared Dared Daring
Deal Dealt Dealt Dealing
Dig Dug Dug Digging
Dream Dreamt/Dreamed Dreamt/Dreamed Dreaming
Dwell Dwelt Dwelt Dwelling
Feed Fed Fed Feeding
Feel Felt Felt Feeling
Fight Fought Fought Fighting
Find Found Found Finding
Fit Fit/Fitted Fit/Fitted Fitting
Foretell Foretold Foretold Foretelling
Flee Fled Fled Fleeing
Fling Flung Flung Flinging
Forecast Forecast/Forecasted Forecast/Forecasted Forecasting
Get Got Got/Gotten Getting
Grind Ground Ground Grinding
Hang Hung/Hanged Hung/Hanged Hanging
Have Had Had Having
Hear Heard Heard Hearing
Hold Held Held Holding
Inlay Inlaid Inlaid Inlaying
Input Input/Inputted Input/Inputted Inputting
Interlay Interlaid Interlaid Interlaying
Keep Kept Kept Keeping
Kneel Knelt/Kneeled Knelt/Kneeled Kneeling
Knit Knit/Knitted Knit/Knitted Knitting
Lay Laid Laid laying
Lead Led Led Leading
Lean Leant/Leaned Leant/Leaned Leaning
Leap Leapt/Leaped Leapt/Leaped Leaping
Learn Learnt/Learned Learnt/Learned Learning
Leave Left Left Leaving
Lend Lent Lent Lending
Lie Lied Lied lying
Light Lit Lit Lighting
Lose Lost Lost Losing
Make Made Made Making
Mean Meant Meant Meaning
Meet Met Met Meeting
Melt Melted Molten/Melted Melting
Misunderstand Misunderstood Misunderstood Misunderstanding
Miswed Miswed/Miswedded Miswed/Miswedded Miswedding
Mislead Misled Misled Misleading
Overhear Overheard Overheard Overhearing
Pay Paid Paid Paying
Preset Preset Preset Presetting
Prove Proved Proven/Proved Proving
Rid Rid/Ridded Rid/Ridded Ridding
Run Ran Run Running
Say Said Said Saying
Seek Sought Sought Seeking
Sell Sold Sold Selling
Send Sent Sent Sending
Shear Shore/Sheared Shorn/Sheared Shearing
Shine Shone Shone Shining
Shoe Shod Shod Shoeing
Shoot Shot Shot Shooting
Sit Sat Sat Sitting
Sleep Slept Slept Sleeping
Sling Slung Slung Slinging
Slink Slunk Slunk Slinking
Smell Smelt/Smelled Smelt/Smelled Smelling
Sneak Sneaked/Snuck Sneaked/Snuck Sneaking
Soothsay Soothsaid Soothsaid Soothsaying
Speed Sped/Speeded Sped/Speeded Speeding
Spell Spelt/Spelled Spelt/Spelled Spelling
Spend Spent Spent Spending
Spill Spilt/Spilled Spilt/Spilled Spilling
String Strung Strung Stringing
Strip Stript/Stripped Stript/Stripped Stripping
Stick Stuck Stuck Sticking
Sting Stung Stung Stinging
Stink Stank Stunk Stinking
Sweat Sweat/Sweated Sweat/Sweated Sweating
Sweep Swept/Sweeped Swept/Sweeped Sweeping
Sunburn Sunburned/Sunburnt Sunburned/Sunburnt Sunburning
Swing Swung Swung Swinging
Teach Taught Taught Teaching
Tell Told Told Telling
Think Thought Thought Thinking
Tear Tore Torn Tearing
Understand Understood Understood Understanding
Vex Vext/Vexed Vext/Vexed Vexing
Wed Wed/Wedded Wed/Wedded Wedding
Weep Wept Wept Weeping
Wend Wended/Went Wended/Went Wending
Wet Wet/Wetted Wet/Wetted Wetting
Win Won Won Winning
Wind Wound Wound Winding
Withstand Withstood Withstood Withstanding
Wring Wrung Wrung Wringing
Withhold Withheld Withheld Withholding
Zinc Zinced/Zincked Zinced/Zincked Zincking
Verbs in which all three forms are identical
Base Form Past Form Past Participle Form ‘ing’ form
Bet Bet Bet Betting
Burst Burst Burst Bursting
Bust Bust Bust Busting
Bid Bid Bid Bidding
Cast Cast Cast Casting
Cut Cut Cut Cutting
Hit Hit Hit Hitting
Hurt Hurt Hurt Hurting
Let Let Let Letting
Put Put Put Putting
Quit Quit Quit Quitting
Read Read Read Reading
Set Set Set Setting
Shed Shed Shed Shedding
Slit Slit Slit Slitting
Shut Shut Shut Shutting
Sublet Sublet Sublet Subletting
Thrust Thrust Thrust Thrusting
Upset Upset Upset Upsetting
English - Articles‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘the’ are the three articles used in English language. ‘a’ and ‘an’ are called indefinite Articles and ‘the’ is called the definite article.
‘a’ and ‘an’ are used in the sense of ‘one’. The indefinite Article ‘a’ is used before words beginning with consonants or consonantal sound. The indefinite Article ‘an’ is used before words beginning with vowels or vowel sound.
Eg. :Ragu ate a banana. The young boy saw a tiger. The Principal declared a holiday for the college tomorrow.
In all the above three examples the article ‘a’ was used in the sense of one.
Sita ate an apple in the morning. Ravi saw an elephant in the circus. An old man was walking across the street. Eating an orange everyday is also good for health. Raghu lost an umbrella in class. Gita wanted an ink-stand.
In all the above three examples the article ‘an’ was used in the sense of one.
Here it has to be emphasized that students should be careful in noticing the vowel sound. In certain cases the word may begin with a vowel but it may have a consonantal sound. In such a case the indefinite article ‘a’ should be used.
Eg. :He gave the beggar a one-rupee coin. I met a European in Karol-Bagh. Screwdriver is a useful instrument. This is a University.
Similarly, in other cases the word may begin with a consonant but it may have a vowel sound. In such a case the indefinite article ‘an’ should be used.
Eg. :He is an honest officer. There are 60 minutes in an hour. He is an heir to crores of property.
The definite article ‘the’ is used before the names of rivers, mountain ranges and things which are unique in the world.
Eg. :
The Ganges is a polluted river now. The Yamuna flows through Delhi. The Himalayas are the highest mountain ranges in the world. The Sun rises in the east. The Moon has a cycle of one month. The definite article ‘the’ is used before superlatives.
Eg. :
Kumar is the cleverest boy in the class. Geeta is the tallest girl in the class. Cheeta is the fastest animal.
The definite article ‘the’ is used to refer to a particular person or thing.
Eg. :
The patient who was admitted in the hospital yesterday, died today morning. The apple which was kept on the table is rotten. The computer we bought last month is infected by virus.
The definite article ‘the’ is used before Holy books.
The Ramayana, The MahabhartaThe Quran, The Bible, The Bhagwatgita
It is also used in comparison :
Eg :
Mumbai is considered the Manchester of India. Kalidasa is the Shakespeare of India.
nglish - Active & Passive VoiceThe most famous sentence, most of us are familiar is:
Ram killed Ravana. - Active Voice Ravana was killed by Ram. - Passive Voice
Here the first sentence is said to be in Active Voice and the second sentence in Passive Voice.
A sentence is said to be in Active Voice when the subject does something. Similarly, a sentence is said to be in Passive Voice when something is done to the subject.
In the above sentence Ram is the ‘subject’ and Ravana is the ‘object’. In the active voice sentence Ram i.e., the subject has killed the object Ravana. In the second sentence Ravana is the subject but he allowed himself to be killed by subject Ram. Here the subject is Passive. Therefore, it is called Passive voice.
Eg. :
Raghu kicked the ball.
In this sentence Raghu is the ‘subject’ and ball is the ' object'. The word kicked is the verb.
Here it must be noted that:
‘I’ becomes ‘me’ in Passive voice ‘We’ becomes ‘us’ ‘You’ remains ‘you’ ‘He’ becomes ‘him’ ‘She’ becomes ‘her’ ‘It’ remains ‘it’ ‘They’ becomes ‘them.’
Here also the active voice and passive voice are expressed in different tenses.
I) Present Tense
a) Simple Present
I watch movies every week. - Active VoiceMovies are watched by me every week. - Passive Voice
We watch movies every week. Movies are watched by us every week.
You watch movies every week. Movies are watched by you every week.
He watches movies every week. Movies are watched by him every week.
She watches movies every week. Movies are watched by her every week.
It watches movies every week. Movies are watched by it every week.
They watch movies every week. Movies are watched by them every week.
b) Present Continuous
I am watching a movie now. A movie is being watched by me now.
We are watching a movie now. A movie is being watched by us now.
You are watching a movie now. A movie is being watched by you now.
He is watching a movie now.A movie is being watched by him now.
She is watching a movie now.A movie is being watched by her now.
It is watching a movie now.A movie is being watched by it now.
They are watching a movie now.A movie is being watched by them now.
c) Present Perfect
I have watched a movie today. A movie has been watched by me today.
We have watched a movie today.A movie has been watched by us today.
You have watched a movie today. A movie has been watched by you today.
He has watched a movie today. A movie has been watched by him today.
She has watched a movie today. A movie has been watched by her today.
It has watched a movie today.A movie has been watched by it today.
They have watched a movie today.A movie has been watched by them today.
d) Present Perfect Continuous
Normally ideas are not expressed in Passive Voice in this tense. Therefore it is better to avoid attempting a Passive Voice in any Perfect Continuous Tense.
II) Past Tense
a) Simple Past
I watched a movie yesterday.A movie was watched by me yesterday.
We watched a movie yesterday.A movie was watched by us yesterday.
You watched a movie yesterday.A movie was watched by you yesterday.
He watched a movie yesterday.A movie was watched by him yesterday.
She watched a movie yesterday.A movie was watched by you yesterday.
It watched a movie yesterday.A movie was watched by it yesterday.
They watched a movie yesterday.A movie was watched by them yesterday.
b) Past Continuous
I was watching a movie yesterday.A movie was being watched by me yesterday.
We were watching a movie yesterday. A movie was being watched by me yesterday.
You were watching a movie yesterday. A movie was being watched by you yesterday.
He was watching a movie yesterday. A movie was being watched by him yesterday.
She was watching a movie yesterday. A movie was being watched by her yesterday.
It was watching a movie yesterday.A movie was being watched by it yesterday.
They were watching a movie yesterday. A movie was being watched by them yesterday.
c) Past Perfect
I had watched a movie three years ago.A movie had been watched by me three years ago.
We had watched a movie three years ago. A movie had been watched by us three years ago.
You had watched a movie three years ago. A movie had been watched by me three years ago.
He had watched a movie three years ago. A movie had been watched by him three years ago.
She had watched a movie three years ago. A movie had been watched by her three years ago.
It had watched a movie three years ago. A movie had been watched by it three years ago.
They had watched a movie three years ago. A movie had been watched by them three years ago.
d) Past Perfect Continuous
As we indicated earlier, ideas are normally not expressed in Passive Voice in this tense. Therefore it is better to avoid attempting a Passive Voice in any Perfect Continuous Tense.
III) Future Tense
a) Simple Future
I will watch a movie tomorrow. A movie will be watched by me tomorrow.
We will watch a movie tomorrow. A movie will be watched by us tomorrow.
You will watch a movie tomorrow. A movie will be watched by you tomorrow.
He will watch a movie tomorrow. A movie will be watched by him tomorrow.
She will watch a movie tomorrow. A movie will be watched by her tomorrow.
It will watch a movie tomorrow.A movie will be watched by it tomorrow.
They will watch a movie tomorrow. A movie will be watched by them tomorrow.
b) Future Continuous
I will be watching a movie at this time tomorrow. A movie will be being watched by me at this time tomorrow.
We will be watching a movie at this time tomorrow. A movie will be being watched by us at this time tomorrow.
You will be watching a movie at this time tomorrow. A movie will be being watched by you at this time tomorrow.
He will be watching a movie at this time tomorrow. A movie will be being watched by him at this time tomorrow.
She will be watching a movie at this time tomorrow. A movie will be being watched by her at this time tomorrow.
It will be watching a movie at this time tomorrow. A movie will be being watched by it at this time tomorrow.
They will be watching a movie at this time tomorrow. A movie will be being watched by them at this time tomorrow.
c) Future Perfect
I will have watched a movie by 6 pm tomorrow. A movie will have been watched by me by 6 pm tomorrow.
We will have watched a movie by 6 pm tomorrow. A movie will have been watched by us by 6 pm tomorrow.
You will have watched a movie by 6 pm tomorrow. A movie will have been watched by you by 6 pm tomorrow.
He will have watched a movie by 6 pm tomorrow. A movie will have been watched by him by 6 pm tomorrow.
She will have watched a movie by 6 pm tomorrow. A movie will have been watched by her by 6 pm tomorrow.
It will have watched a movie by 6 pm tomorrow. A movie will have been watched by it by 6 pm tomorrow.
They will have watched a movie by 6 pm tomorrow. A movie will have been watched by them by 6 pm tomorrow.
d) Future Perfect Continuous
Normally ideas are not expressed in Passive Voice in this tense. Therefore it is better to avoid attempting a Passive Voice in any Perfect Continuous Tense.
All sentences cannot be made into Passive Voice. Only the sentences with an object in them can be made into Passive Voice. All verbs are not transitive. A verb which takes an object is said to be a Transitive Verb and a Verb which does not take an object is said to be Intransitive.
For Example, the following sentence cannot be converted into Passive Voice for the simple reason that the verb ‘go’ does not take an object.
I go for a walk everyday.
In the above sentence the verb ‘go’ is an Intransitive Verb. Such sentences which do not have an object cannot be converted into Passive Voice.
More examples of sentences with Intransitive Verbs:
Raju jumped 10 feet. David ran fast. Sita drove rashly.
A case of double object.
Certain sentences contain two objects. In such a case two passive sentences can be made using one object in each case.
The principal sent a telegram to Gopi. A telegram was sent by the Principal to Gopi.
Common Errors in English UsageALL OF THE SUDDEN / ALL OF A SUDDEN
An unexpected event happens is "All of a sudden" & not "All of the sudden".
ADVANCE/ADVANCEDAdvance : When we hear about something in advance, earlier than other people, you get advance notice or information.
"Advanced" means "complex, sophisticated" and doesn't necessarilyhave anything to do with the revealing of secrets.
for or foreThe most common word “for,” is not a problem for most people.
& “Fore” always has to do with the front of something (it’s what you shout to warn people when you’ve sent a ball their way). …
unpleased or displeased“Unpleased” is considered archaic; the standard modern word for your reaction to something you don’t like is “displeased.”
However “unpleasing” is still current to describe something that fails to please: “the arrangement of ‘Silent Night’ for truck air horns was unpleasing.” But “displeasing” is more common.