Learn to Read

LatinAndrew Keller

Colgate University

Stephanie RussellCollegiate School

Yale University Press New Haven & London

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The authors thank Dr. Hans-Friedrich Mueller of the University of Florida and Dr. John Miller

of the University of Virginia for reviewing their manuscript.

Copyright © 2004 by Yale University.

All rights reserved.

This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that

copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the

public press), without written permission from the publishers.

Publisher: Mary Jane Peluso

Production Controller: Aldo R. Cupo

Editorial Assistant: Gretchen Rings

Designer: James J. Johnson

Marketing Manager: Timothy Shea

Set in E & F Scala type by Integrated Publishing Solutions.

Printed in the United States of America.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Keller, Andrew, 1960–

Learn to read Latin / Andrew Keller, Stephanie Russell.

p. cm. — (Yale language series)

Includes bibliographical references and indexes.

ISBN 0-300-10084-1 — ISBN 0-300-10215-1 (pbk.)

1. Latin language—Grammar. 2. Latin language—Grammar—Problems, exercises, etc.

3. Latin language—Readers. I. Russell, Stephanie, 1946– . II. Title. III. Series.

PA2087.5.K45 2004

478.2�421—dc21

2003053828

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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CONTENTS

Preface xviiAcknowledgments xixDescription and Use of Learn to Read Latin xxList of Abbreviations xxiv

IntroductionThe Latin Language 1Pronunciation of Classical Latin 3

Language Study: Vocabulary, Morphology, and Syntax 9

C H A P T E R I

Vocabulary 11Vocabulary Notes 12

Prepositions 12Derivatives and Cognates 14

§1. The Latin Noun and Its Properties: Gender, Number, Case 15Nominative Case 15

Nominative, Subject 15Predicate Nominative 16

Genitive Case 16Genitive of Possession 16

Dative Case 16Dative of Reference 16Dative of Indirect Object 16

Accusative Case 17Accusative, Direct Object 17

Ablative Case 17Ablative of Accompaniment 17

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Ablative of Means 18Vocative Case 18

§2. The Five Declensions 18Finding the Stem 19

§3. Noun Morphology: First Declension 19

§4. Noun Morphology: Second Declension 21

C H A P T E R I I

Vocabulary 24Vocabulary Notes 25

Principal Parts 25

§5. The Finite Latin Verb and Its Properties: Person, Number, Tense,Voice, Mood 28

§6. The Latin Tenses of the Indicative Mood: Overview 29

§7. The Vocabulary Entry for a Verb: Principal Parts 30

§8. The Four Conjugations 31Finding the Present Stem 31

§9. Present, Imperfect, and Future Active Indicative of First and SecondConjugations 32Present Active Indicative of First and Second Conjugations 32Imperfect Active Indicative of First and Second Conjugations 33Future Active Indicative of First and Second Conjugations 34

§10. Present, Imperfect, and Future Active Indicative of the Irregular Verbssum and possum 34Present Active Indicative of sum and possum 35Imperfect Active Indicative of sum and possum 35Future Active Indicative of sum and possum 36The Two Meanings of the Verb sum 36

§11. Distinguishing Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 37

§12. Complementary Infinitive 37

§13. Object Infinitive 38

§14. Dative of the Possessor 38Expressions of Possession Compared 39

§15. Introduction to the Latin Sentence and Prose Word Order 39Guidelines for Reading and Translating Latin Sentences 42

Short Readings 43

§16. Names in Latin I 44

vi

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C H A P T E R I I I

Vocabulary 47Vocabulary Notes 48

Adjectives 48

§17. First-Second-Declension Adjectives 50

§18. Noun-Adjective Agreement 51

§19. Substantive Use of the Adjective 52

§20. Predicate Adjective 52

§21. Introduction to the Passive Voice 53

§22. Present, Imperfect, and Future Passive Indicative of First and SecondConjugations 53Passive Personal Endings 53Present Passive Indicative of First and Second Conjugations 54Imperfect Passive Indicative of First and Second Conjugations 55Future Passive Indicative of First and Second Conjugations 56

§23. Synopsis I: Present Active and Passive Indicative 56

§24. Ablative of Personal Agent 57

§25. The Uses of videô in the Passive Voice 58

§26. Ablative of Manner 58

§27. Subject Infinitive 59

§28. Apposition 59

§29. The Irregular Verb eô 60

Short Readings 61

C H A P T E R I V

Vocabulary 62Vocabulary Notes 63

§30. Present, Imperfect, and Future Active and Passive Indicative of Third,Third i-stem, and Fourth Conjugations 65Present Active and Passive Indicative of Third, Third i-stem, and Fourth

Conjugations 65Imperfect Active and Passive Indicative of Third, Third i-stem, and Fourth

Conjugations 66Future Active and Passive Indicative of Third, Third i-stem, and Fourth

Conjugations 67

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§31. Present Passive Infinitive of All Verbs 68

§32. Present Active and Passive Imperative of All Verbs 69

§33. Synopsis II: Present Active and Passive Indicative, Infinitive,and Imperative 70

§34. Partitive Genitive 71

§35. Subjective Genitive 71

§36. Objective Genitive 72

§37. Personal Pronouns 73

§38. Possessive Adjectives 74

§39. Ablative of Respect 76

Short Readings 77

Longer Readings 78

C H A P T E R V

Vocabulary 79Vocabulary Notes 80

Compound Verbs, Prefixes, Assimilation, and Vowel Weakening 80

§40. The Perfect Active System 83Finding the Perfect Active Stem 83

§41. Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Active Indicative of All Verbs 83Perfect Active Indicative of All Verbs 83Pluperfect Active Indicative of All Verbs 84Future Perfect Active Indicative of All Verbs 85

§42. Synopsis III: Present Indicative System, Perfect Active IndicativeSystem, Infinitive, and Imperative 86

§43. The Irregular Third-Conjugation Verb ferô 87

§44. Reflexive Pronouns 87

§45. Reflexive-Possessive Adjectives 89

§46. The Intensive Adjective ipse, ipsa, ipsum 89

§47. Adverbs I 90

§48. Subordinate Clauses I 91

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§49. Conditional Sentences I 93Simple Conditional Sentences 93Future More Vivid Conditional Sentences 94

Short Readings 96

Longer Reading 99

C H A P T E R V I

Vocabulary 100Vocabulary Notes 101

§50. The Perfect Passive System 103

§51. Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Passive Indicative of All Verbs 103Perfect Passive Indicative of All Verbs 103Pluperfect Passive Indicative of All Verbs 104Future Perfect Passive Indicative of All Verbs 104The Omission of sum in Compound Verb Forms 105A Note on the Perfect Passive Participle 105

§52. Synopsis IV: Indicative, Infinitive, and Imperative 106

§53. Noun Morphology: Third Declension 107Case Endings of the Third Declension 107Case Endings of the Third Declension i-Stem 108The Irregular Third-Declension Noun vîs 109

§54. Ablative of Separation 110

§55. Ablative of Cause 110

§56. Ablative of Place From Which 111

§57. Ablative of Place Where and the Locative Case 111Ablative of Place Where 111Locative Case 111

§58. Accusative of Place To Which 112

§59. Impersonal Passive 112

Short Readings 113

Longer Readings 115

§60. Names in Latin II 118

ix

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C H A P T E R V I I

Vocabulary 120Vocabulary Notes 121

§61. Introduction to the Subjunctive 125

§62. Present Active and Passive Subjunctive of All Verbs 125

§63. Imperfect Active and Passive Subjunctive of All Verbs 127

§64. Perfect and Pluperfect Active Subjunctive of All Verbs 128Perfect Active Subjunctive of All Verbs 128Pluperfect Active Subjunctive of All Verbs 128

§65. Perfect and Pluperfect Passive Subjunctive of All Verbs 129Perfect Passive Subjunctive of All Verbs 129Pluperfect Passive Subjunctive of All Verbs 129

§66. Synopsis V: Indicative, Subjunctive, Infinitive, and Imperative 130

§67. Three Independent Uses of the Subjunctive 131Hortatory/Jussive Subjunctive 131

Negative Commands 131Potential Subjunctive 131Optative Subjunctive 132

§68. Conditional Sentences II 133Future Less Vivid Conditional Sentences 134Contrary-to-Fact Conditional Sentences 134Mixed Conditional Sentences 134

§69. Dative of Purpose and the Double Dative Construction 136

§70. Dative of Advantage, Dative of Disadvantage 136

Short Readings 137

Longer Readings 141

§71.Greetings and Interjections in Latin 143Vocabulary 143

C H A P T E R V I I I

Vocabulary 146Vocabulary Notes 147

Deponent and Semideponent Verbs 147

§72. Noun Morphology: Fourth Declension 149

§73. Noun Morphology: Fifth Declension 150

x

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§74. Third-Declension Adjectives 151

§75. Adverbs II 152

§76. Demonstrative Adjectives/Pronouns: hic, iste, and ille 153Special Uses of the Demonstrative Adjectives/Pronouns 154

§77. Deponent Verbs 155

§78. Semideponent Verbs 157

§79. Accusative of Duration of Time 158

§80. Ablative of Time When 159

§81. Ablative of Time Within Which 159

Short Readings 160

Longer Readings 165

§82. About Meter I 176Introduction to Quantitative Meter 176

Dactylic Hexameter and Elegiac Couplet 176Elision, Caesura, Diaeresis, and Hiatus 177Ictus and Accent 179

General Guidelines for Reading Latin Poetry 180

C H A P T E R I X

Vocabulary 181Vocabulary Notes 182

§83. Purpose Clauses and the Sequence of Tenses 185Summary of the Rules of Sequence of Tenses 188

§84. Indirect Commands 188

§85. The Relative Pronoun quî, quae, quod and the Relative Clause 189A Note on Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Relative Clauses 191

§86. Special Features of the Relative Pronoun 191The Indefinite or Generic Antecedent 191The Connective Relative 192Placement of the Antecedent in and After the Relative Clause 193

§87. The Interrogative Pronoun quis, quid 193

§88. The Interrogative Adjective quî, quae, quod 194

§89. Nine Irregular Adjectives 194

xi

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§90. Dative with an Intransitive Verb 195

Short Readings 196

Longer Readings 201

§91. Numbers in Latin 210

C H A P T E R X

Vocabulary 213Vocabulary Notes 214

§92. Relative Clauses of Purpose 218

§93. Relative Clauses of Characteristic 219

§94. Introduction to Participles 221Participles of Irregular Verbs 222Participles of Deponent and Semideponent Verbs 222

§95. Synopsis VI: Indicative, Subjunctive, Participles, Infinitives, and Imperative 223

§96. Notes on the Participle: Relative Time; Attributive and Circumstantial Uses 224

§97. Ablative Absolute 226

§98. Active and Passive Periphrastics 227

§99. Dative of Agent with the Passive Periphrastic 228

§100. Genitive of Description 228

§101. Ablative of Description 229

§102. Ablative of Origin 229

Short Readings 230

Longer Readings 238

Continuous Readings 260

§103. Rhetorical Terms 262

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C H A P T E R X I

Vocabulary 265Vocabulary Notes 266

§104. Infinitives 269Periphrastic Infinitives 270

§105. Synopsis VII: Complete 271

§106. Indirect Statement and the Subject Accusative 272

§107. A Note on the Subject Accusative 274

§108. Subordinate Clauses in Indirect Statement 275

§109. Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs 276Comparative Degree of Adjectives 276Comparative Degree of Adverbs 277Superlative Degree of Adjectives 277Superlative Degree of Adverbs 278

§110. Irregular Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs 279

§111. Constructions with the Comparative and Superlative Degrees 280

Short Readings 282

Longer Readings 289

Continuous Readings 309

§112. About Meter II 314Common Terms and Metrical Units of Latin Lyric Poetry 314Hendecasyllable 315Choliambic (Limping Iambic) 315Sapphic Strophe 316Asclepiadean Meters 316Archilochian Meter 317Alcaic Strophe 318

xiii

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xiv

C H A P T E R X I I

Vocabulary 319Vocabulary Notes 320

§113. Direct Questions 323

§114. Deliberative Subjunctive 324

§115. Indirect Questions 325

§116. Doubting Clauses 327

§117. Subordinate Clauses II: The Conjunction cum 327

§118. The Irregular Verbs volô, nôlô, and mâlô 328

§119. Negative Commands with nôlî or nôlîte and an Infinitive 329

§120. Dative with a Compound Verb 330

Short Readings 331

Longer Readings 339

Continuous Readings 359

§121. Unassimilated Forms, Archaic Spellings, and Syncopation 364Unassimilated Forms and Archaic Spellings 364Syncopation of Forms in the Perfect Active System 364

C H A P T E R X I I I

Vocabulary 366Vocabulary Notes 367

§122. Gerunds and Gerundives 369

§123. Subordinate Clauses III 371Subordinate Clauses with Verbs in the Indicative Mood 371Subordinate Clauses with Verbs in the Subjunctive Mood 372Proviso Clauses 373

§124. Correlatives 373

§125. The Irregular Verb fîô 375

§126. Adverbial Accusative 376

§127. Accusative of Exclamation 376

§128. Genitive of Indefinite Value 377

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§129. Ablative of Price 377

Short Readings 379

Longer Readings 393

Continuous Readings 413

§130. Adverbs of Place 417

Vocabulary 417

Short Readings 418

C H A P T E R X I V

Vocabulary 419Vocabulary Notes 420

§131. Result Clauses 423

§132. Relative Clauses of Result 424

§133. Substantive Ut Clauses 424

§134. Fore ut Construction 425

§135. Impersonal Constructions I: licet, necesse est, and oportet 426

§136. Genitive of Characteristic 427

Short Readings 428

Longer Readings 445

Continuous Readings 464

C H A P T E R X V

Vocabulary 470Vocabulary Notes 471

§137. Fear Clauses 473

§138. Prevention Clauses 474

§139. Impersonal Constructions II: miseret, paenitet, piget, pudet, taedet,rêfert, interest 475Verbs Expressing Emotion 475Verbs Expressing Concern or Interest 476

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§140. Direct and Indirect Reflexives 477

§141. Subjunctive by Attraction 478

§142. Supine 478

§143. Accusative of Respect 479

§144. Accusative, Direct Object of a Middle Voice Verb 479

§145. Historical Infinitive 480

Short Readings 481

Longer Readings 499

Continuous Readings 528

Latin to English Vocabulary 535Morphology Appendix 547Appendix P 575Index of Authors and Passages 577General Index 581

xvi

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