learn to read write hindi

LEARN HINDI Through English Medium

with my new scientific method

A>gaRejaI k’ maaZyama sae ih>dI saIiSayae_

angrez& ke ma@dhyam se hind& s&khiye

HINDI LEVEL I A PRIMER

Ratnakar Narale

ï

PUSTAK BHARATI Books India paustak BaartaI

INDEX

AnauÛmaiNaka

Lesson 1 The Hindi Alphabet 1 Lesson 2 Common Hind& Consonants 2 Lesson 3 Speaking Hindi Characters 3 Lesson 4 Writing Hind& Consonants 4 Lesson 5 Writing Hind& Vowels 7 Lesson 6 Writing Hind& Vowel Signs 8 Lesson 7 Writing Hind& Compound Consonants 11 Lesson 8 Writing Special Characters 14 Lesson 9 Introduction to Sandhi 16 Lesson 10 Introduction to Hind& Numerals 17 Lesson 11 Making your own Hind& sentences 19 The Pictorial Dictionary 24 Brain Surgery of the Hindi Grammar 48 Lesson 12 Relational Postpositions 51 Lesson 13 Adjectives and Adverbs 76 Lesson 14 Conjunctions and Expressions 80 Lesson 15 General Knowledge 84 Lesson 16 General Dialogues 86 HINGLISH for English Speaking People 93

1 Learn Hindi through English Medium - Course Level I

LESSON 1 pahLaa paa#

THE HINDI ALPHABET

Hind& Vowels : A Aa } }| q Q / ] ]e Aae AaE A> A:

a a@ i & u u@ r< e ai o au m[ h< .

Hind& Consonants : k‘ Sa` ga` za` G`

k kh g gh n[

ca` C‘ ja` Ja` Øa`

c{, ch c{h, chh j jh, z n~

@` #` D` $` Na`

t> t>h d< d<h n<

ta` Ya` d` Za` na`

t th d dh n

pa` f‘ ba` Ba` ma`

p ph, f b bh m

ya` r` La` va`

y r l v, w oa` Pa` sa` h`

s{, sh s< s h


LESSON 2 dUsara paa#

COMMON HINDI CONSONANTS

k Sa ga za G ka kha ga gha n[a (nga)

ca C ja Ja Øa cha Chha ja jha, za n~a

@ # D $ Na

t>a t>ha d<a d<ha n<a

ta Ya d Za na ta tha da dha na

pa f ba Ba ma pa pha, fa ba bha ma

ya r La va ya ra la va, wa oa Pa sa h s{a, sha s<a sa ha Special Compounds

xa, %a, Xa ks<a, tra, gya


LESSON 3

SPEAKING HINDI CHARACTERS

Alphabet Hind& Sounds like, as in Alphabet Hind& Sounds like, as in a (A) a in America t> (@‘) t in cut>

a@ (Aa) a in ca@r t>h (#‘) th in t> with breath

i (}) I in India d< (D‘) d in red

& (}|) ee in peel d<h ($‘) dh in adhere

u (q) u in put n< (Na`) n in band

u@ (Q) oo in moon

r< (/) ri in ring t (ta`) t in (soft t)

e (]) a in bake th (Ya`) th in thunder

ai (]e) a in actor d (d`) th in other

o (Aae) o in go dh (Za`) dh in buddha

au (AaE) ou in count n (na`) n in men

k (k‘) k in milk p (pa`) p in cup

kh (Sa`) kh in khyber ph,f (f‘) ph, f in photo

g (ga`) g in god b (ba`) b in rub

gh (za`) gh in ghost bh (Ba`) bh in abhore

n[ (G‘) n in bring m (ma`) m in mug

c{, c (ca`) ch in chum y (ya`) y in yes

c{h, chh (C‘) chh c{ with breath r (r`) r in rub

j (ja`) j in jug l (l`, La`) l in love

jh, z (Ja`) dgeh in hedgehop v,w (va`) v, w in rave

n~ (Øa`) n in hinge s{, sh (oa`) sh in shut

s< (Pa`) sh in should

s (sa`) s in sun

h (h‘) h in hug


LESSON 4 caaEYaa paa#

READING AND WRITING SIMPLE HINDI CONSONANTS

(4.1) va va, ba ba, k ka

va ba k va ba ka vima@n (airplane) bara@t (wedding procession) kela@ (banana)

EXERCISE 1 : (on what we learned so far) Read and Write the following characters in Hind& : 1. ka ba ka 2. ba va ka 3. va ba ka 4. kaba, baka --- ---- -- --- --- -- -- -- --- ------ -----

5. kba, bak 6. kk, vaba 7. vaba, vak 8. kk, bava

----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ---- ------ -----

9. k, ba, va, ba 10. kk, kba, kva 11. baba, bak, vava 12. kbava, kvaba, vabak, bakva

---------------- ----------------- --- ------------ ------------------------------


(4.2) pa pa, Pa s<a, f pha

pa Pa f

pa s<a pha, fa ped< (plant) s<at>akon<a (hexagon) fat>fat>& (m. bike)

EXERCISE 2 : (only on what we learned so far) Read and Write the following characters in Hind& : 1. kapa, ka 2. pas<a, kas<a 3. pha, ba, ka, s<a pa, pava 4. bakabaka, kabakaba 5. pava, paf 6. kpa, kba 7. kPa, paPa, kf 8. vaf, vaba, pafba

(4.3) ta ta, na na, ga ga, ma ma, Ba bha, Na n<a

ta na ga ta na ga takiya@ (pillow) na@g (cobra) ga@y (cow)


ma Ba Na ma bha n<a

ma@Ü-ba@p (mama-papa) bha@rat (India) ba@n<a (arrow) EXERCISE 3 : (only on what we learned so far) Read and Write the following characters in Hind& : 1. k, ba, va, ba 2. kk, kba, kva 3. baba, bak 4. vava, vak, vaba 5. kbava, kvaba 6. vabak,

bakva 7. ma, na, ta 8. tata, tana 9. kk, vaba 10. gabana, Bava, magana, vatana, vana, vamana, naga, naBa,

nava, namana, taba, bana, manana 10. Pa, pa, f , ma, Ba, na, ta, vatana, Bagata, gamana, manana, pavana_

(4.4) ca cha, ja ja, Øa n~a, La la

ca ja Øa La cha ja n~a la

cha@b& (key) jura@b (sock) lad<ka@-lad<ki (boy-girl)


EXERCISE 4 : (only on what we learned so far) Read and Write the following characters in Hind& :

(A) 1. kpa, camaca, 2. tana mana gagana 3. Bagata, patana, manana 4. Bava, gaNa, gaNak, 5. naLa, Lagana,

6. paLak, bana, paga, gama 7. jaLa, caLa, macaLa 8. kNa, kLa, paLa 9. maLa, mata, tama

NOTE : Character n~ (Øa`) is rarely used in Hind&. It is mostly used in Sanskrit language.

(4.5) za gha, Za dha, C chha

za Za C gha dha c{ha

ghar (house) dhan (wealth) chhipkali (lizard)

EXERCISE 5 : (only on what we learned so far) Read and Write the following characters in Hind& : 1. ja, ca, Øa 2. La, ja, ca 3. k, La 4. gaNak, jaLaja 5. jaLa, caLa

6. LaBa, maLa 7. ca, ja, Øa, La, r, sa, Sa, oa 8. caLa, jaLa, jaja 8. rsa, oar, rSa, saca

9. saja, fLa 10. kmaLa, sarLa 11. oakLa, frk, parSa, Barta, camana 12. Lagana, vajana, tana mana

13. kNa, saba saca 14. barf, capaLa 15. magaja, jaLa, SaLa, nar, par, sama 16. camak, caLa, caSa

17. jaja, CmaCma 18. CLa, jaga, zar, zanazana 19. Zana, kba, vaZa 20. oama, frk


(4.6) r ra, sa sa, Sa kha, oa s{a

r sa Sa oa ra sa kha s{a

rupaya@ (Rupee) s&d& (CD) khat (letter) sha@d& (marriage)

(4.7) ya ya, Ya tha

ya Ya y a tha yagya (yajn~a) tha@l& (plate) EXERCISE 6 : (only on what we learned so far) Read and Write the following characters in Hind& : (B) 1. zar, Laja, mata, yaxa, yaXa, rYa, Zana 2. zana, yama,kLa, kLa, var, vaoa, kr, sama, narma 3. Zana,

saba, sah, jaya, 4. Baya, oayana, caLana, rNa, frk, sarLa 5. zar, caLa, Zar, mata, rmaNa, jaLa


(4.8) t>a @, t>ha #, d<ha $, da d, d<a D, n[a D, jha Ja, ha h

@ # $ d t>a t>ha d<ha da t>ama@t>ar (tomato) thappa@ (stamp) d<hakna@ (lid) dil (heart)

D G Ja h d<a n[a jha ha d<or (rope) jha@d<u (broom) ha@th& (elephant)

EXERCISE 7 : (only on what we learned so far) Read and Write the following characters in Hind& : 1. @ # $ $ñ d 2. D Dñ G Ja 3. Ja h Ja 4. dLa @ba $La bana 5. DbaLa Df Dr

6. dhna, kdma 7. barf, ma# 8. h#, mata 9. vana ta@, bargad 10. saba, hma, gama


(4.9) xa ks<a, %a tra, Xa gya (jn~a)

xa %a Xa ks<a tra jn~a

(4.10) Anuswa@ra, C}andrabind& and the Visarga - A> m[, Aã m[, A: h<

A> am[ A: ah< pa> pam[ paã pam[ pa: pah<

EXERCISE 8 : Read and Write the following characters in Hind& : 1. A> A: 2. käbaLa ba>dr va>oa pa>kja 3. Ba>ga na>bar Ana>ta kä# 4. ma>tar d>D r>ga 5. sa>ga sa>oaya h>sa La>ca 6.

A>tar svata: 7. ca>dna käpa pata>ga Sa>dk Sa>jar ma>jana kägana sa: 8. ga>Zak #>Dk D>#La $>ga tar>ga oa>Sa sa>caya

C: 9. A>ba ja>gaLa ma>ca A>bar La>dna 10. ja>par ba>par A>dr C>d ba>d va>dna ma>d sa>za_

ã Ü Dñ d<a $ñ d<ha

EXAMPLES : (A) kãpakãpaI, khaã, kaãpanaa, Saaãsanaa, SaaãsaI, gaaãva, caaãd, caaãdI, caaãdnaI, Caã@naa, Caãva, jaãcanaa, jahaã, jaaãza,

jaaãca, jaaãcanaa, Jaaãknaa, JaaãkI, JaaãJar, Jaaãsaa, @aãka, @aãga, @aãganaa, #aãva, #ãsanaa, Daã@, Daã@naa, DaãvaaãDael,

Daãsa, $aãcaa, tahaã, taaãgaa, taaãi%ak, taaãbaa, dãtauLaa, daãta, daãva, Zaãsanaa, Zaãsaanaa, ZaaãZaLaI, Zaaãya, Zaaãsanaa,

naaãZanaa, paãvaaDña, paaãca, paaãcajanya, paaãcavaaã, fãd, fãda, fãsanaa, fãsaanaa, fã@naa, faãdnaa, faãsanaa, faãsaI,

baã@vaara, baã@anaa, baaãknaa, baaãka, baaãga, baaãJa, baaã@naa, baaãZanaa, baaãsa, baaãsaurI, baaãh, Baaãjaa, Baãvar, BaaãDñar,

Baaãita, Baaãpanaa, maãDranaa, maUãC, maUãDnaa, maUãDnaa, maUãdnaa, maaã, maaãga, maaãganaa, yahaã, rãganaa, rãgaa}|, raãgaa, raãDñ,

raãZanaa, Laaãzanaa, vahaã, saaãvaLaa, saaãsa, haã, haãk, hãsanaa, hãsamauSa, hãsaI, haãknaa, haãDñI, haãfnaa_

(B) ADñnaa, ADñanaa, AnaaDñI, AaDña, Aa$ñta, qDñnaa, kDñk, k$ña}|, k$ñI, kIDña, ÛIDña, SaDña, gaDñbaDñ,

gaU$ñ, zaaeDña, caaEDña, CaeDñnaa, jaaeDñnaa, JaDñnaa, @ukDña, @e$ña, $a$ñsa, taDñpanaa, taDñpaanaa, taaeDñnaa, YaaeDña, daEDñnaa,

ZaDñknaa, naaDñI, paDñnaa, paIDña, faDñnaa, favaDña, baDña, ba$ñ}|, ba$ñnaa, ba$ñanaa, ba$ñava, baU$ña, BaaDña,


BaãDñar, BaIDñ, BaIDñnaa, maUãDñnaa, maUãDñI, maU$ñ, maaeDñ, maaeDñnaa, rI$ñ, laDñnaa, laDña}|, saDñnaa, saaãDñ_

LESSON 5 paaãcavaaã paa#

PRACTICING THE HINDI VOWELS

(5.1) A a, Aa a@, Aae o, AaE au } i, }| &

A a Aa a@ Aae o AaE au } i }| & EXERCISE 9 : Write the following words in Hind& : (A) 1. Aa, Aae, AaE, Aapa 2. Aa, A, AaE, Aana 3. Aae, AaE, Aae@ 4. Aba, AaãSa, Axa 5. Aaer,

AaEr, AaE>Zaa 6. AaeJaLa, Aaema, AXa 7. Aza, Aagama, AaErsa, Aama, Aasa, Aah, Aaja, AaErta, A>bar,

Aja:, A>oa:, Aaeza: 8. }, }|, }|Sa 9. }, }, }| 3. }|, }|, } 10. }|Sa, k}|, na}|, }Zar, na}|, kta}|_

(B) idhar (}Zar), aurat (AaErta), ma& (ma}|), aur (AaEr), an[k (A>k), &ndhanam[ (}|>Zana>), om (Aaema`),

aman c{aman (Amana camana), anda@j (A>daja), kaila@s (k“Laasa), chauk& (caaEkI)

(5.2) q u, Q u@, / r<; ] e, ]e ai; w ru, W ru@

q Q / ] ]e w W

u u@ r< e ai ru ru@ EXERCISE 10 : Read and write : 1. q, Q, / 2. qZar, q}| 3. qmar, Qpar 4. qgama, Qna 5. Qã@, q# 6. qtar, }Zar 7. ], ]e,

/ 8. ga], na] 9. ]ena, qCLa, qBar 10. ]k, }|Sa, ]enak, }|>Zana, Ata:, A>jana, Aae>kar, Wpa, taw_


LESSON 6 C#vaaã paa#

WRITING HINDI VOWEL SIGNS

Vowels A Aa } }| q Q / ] ]e Aae AaE

Signs a i I u U \ e E ae aE

Sound a a@ i & u u@ r< e ai o au aa ee oo ri

a i I u U \ e E ae aE a@ i & u u@ r< e ai o au paa ipa paI pau paU pa\ pae paE paae paaE pa@ pi p& pu pu@ pr< pe pai po pau

EXERCISE 7 : Read and write the Hind& words :

jaItanaa, ijatanaa, ma\ta, ica>taa, jaUtaa, kÖC, vaEsaa, AaE>Zaa, idyaa, dIyaa, baekarI, saUSaa, sauSaI, Baed, maE>, iBaxaa, XaanaI,

sau>drtaa, kaeka kaeLaa, mahanataa, sauSa du:Sa, caUha, Xaanayaaega, mahaBaartaIya, AmarIkna, }>iDyana, naILa, paaEraiNak_


CHART OF ALPHABET WITH VOWEL SIGNS

A Aa } }| q Q / ] ]e Aae AaE A> A:

- a@ i & u u@ r< e ai o au am[ ah< k ka ik kI kÖ k” × k’ k“ kae kaE k ä k:

Sa Saa iSa SaI Sau SaU Sa\ Sae SaE Saae SaaE Sa> Sa:

ga gaa iga gaI gau gaU ga\ gae gaE gaae gaaE ga > ga:

za zaa iza zaI zau zaU za\ zae zaE zaae zaaE za > za:

ca caa ica caI cau caU ca\ cae caE caae caaE ca> ca:

C Ca iC CI Cu CU C\ Ce CE Cae CaE C> C:

ja jaa ija jaI jau jaU ja\ jae jaE jaae jaaE ja> ja:

Ja Jaa iJa JaI Jau JaU Ja\ Jae JaE Jaae JaaE Ja> Ja:

@ @a i@ @I @u @U @½ @e @E @ae @aE @> @:

# #a i# #I #u #U #½ #e #E #ae #aE #> #:

D Da iD DI Du DU D½ De DE Dae DaE D> D:

$ $a i$ $I $u $U $½ $e $E $ae $aE $> $:

Na Naa iNa NaI Nau NaU Na\ Nae NaE Naae NaaE Na> Na:

ta taa ita taI tau taU ta\ tae taE taae taaE ta> ta:

Ya Yaa iYa YaI Yau YaU Ya\ Yae YaE Yaae YaaE Ya> Ya:

d da id dI du dU ± de dE dae daE d> d:

Za Zaa iZa ZaI Zau ZaU Za\ Zae ZaE Zaae ZaaE Za> Za:

na naa ina naI nau naU na\ nae naE naae naaE na> na:

pa paa ipa paI pau paU pa\ pae paE paae paaE pa> pa:

f fa if fI fÖ f” f\ f’ f“ fae faE fä f:

ba baa iba baI bau baU ba\ bae baE baae baaE ba> ba:

Ba Baa iBa BaI Bau BaU Ba\ Bae BaE Baae BaaE Ba> Ba:

ma maa ima maI mau maU ma\ mae maE maae maaE ma> ma:

ya yaa iya yaI yau yaU ya\ yae yaE yaae yaaE ya> ya:

r ra ir rI w W ¿ re rE rae raE r> r:

La Laa iLa LaI Lau LaU La\ Lae LaE Laae LaaE La> La:

va vaa iva vaI vau vaU va\ vae vaE vaae vaaE va> va:

oa oaa ioa oaI oau oaU oa\ oae oaE oaae oaaE oa> oa:

Pa Paa iPa PaI Pau PaU Pa\ Pae PaE Paae PaaE Pa> Pa:

sa saa isa saI sau saU sa\ sae saE saae saaE sa> sa:

h ha ih hI hu hU Ê he hE hae haE h> h: EXERCISE 8 : What we learned so far, SUMMARY


THIS EXERCISE IS ONLY FOR READING AND WRITING HINDI WORDS

READ the Hind& words and WRITE them for practice

(help is given in the brackets)

maE> (maiÜ - I), hma (ham - we), Aapa (a@p - you), taU (tu@ - you) tauma (tum -

you), vah (vah - he, she), vae (ve - they), hmae> (hameÜ - to us), Aapakae (a@p ko - to you), qsakae (us ko - to him, to her), qnakae (un ko - to them), maE>nae

(maiÜ ne - I), Aapanae (a@p ne - you), taUnae (tu@ ne - you), taumanae (tum ne - you), qsanae (us ne - he, she), mauJae (mujhe - to me), Aapasae (a@p se - from

you), mauJasae (mujh se - from me), tauJasae (tujh se - from you) taumasae (tum se - from you), qsasae (us se - from him, her), qnasae (un se - from them), maere

paasa (mere pa@s - with me), maere iLayae (mere liye - for me), Aapak’ iLayae (a@pke liye - for you), hmaare iLayae (hama@re liye - for us), qnak’ iLayae (unke liye - for them), maera (mera@ - my), maerI (mer& - my), maere (mere - our), hmaara

(hama@ra@ - my), hmaarI (hama@r& - my), hmaare (hama@e - my), taera (tera@ - your), taerI (ter& - your), taere (tere - your), Aapaka (a@p ka@ - your), AapakI

(a@p k& - your), Aapak’ (a@p ke - your), mauJamae> (mujhmeÜ - in me), taeremae> (tere meÜ - in you), tauJamae> (tujhmeÜ - in you), Aapamae> (a@p meÜ - in you), qsamae>

(us meÜ - in him, her), qnamae> (un meÜ - in them), mauJa par (mujh par - on

me), taere par (tere par - on you), tauma par (tum par - on you), tauJa par (tujh par - on you), Aapa par (a@p par - on you), qsa par (us par - on him, her),

qna par (un par - on them)_ maE> hUã (maiÜ hu@Ü - I am), taU hE (tu@ haiÜ - You

are), tauma hae (tum ho - You are), Aapa hE> (a@p haiÜ - You are).


LESSON 7 saatavaaã paa#

COMPOUNDING THE CONSONANTS (Compare the following chart with the one given on page 1)

Hind& Half-Characters : K (k‘) S (Sa`) g (ga`) z (za`) G`

k kh g gh n[

c (ca`) C‘ j (ja`) J (Ja`) Ø (Øa`)

c{, ch c{h, chh j jh n~

@` #` D` $` N (Na`)

t> t>h d< d<h n<

t (ta`) Y (Ya`) d` Z (Za`) n (na`)

t th d dh n

p (pa`) Ý (f‘) b (ba`) B (Ba`) m (ma`)

p ph,f b bh m

y (ya`) r` L (La`) v (va`)

y r l v,w o (oa`) P (Pa`) s (sa`) h`

s{, sha s< s h


USE OF THE HALF CHARACTERS TO MAKE HINDI COMPOUND LETTERS AND WORDS

*Character k (k‘, K ) : paKka (pakka@ strong), KLaba (klab club), KLaasa (kla@s class),

Kyaae> (kyoÜ why?), Kyaa (kya@ what?), vaaKya (va@kya sentence) vaKta (vakta time),

rKta (rakta blood), wiKmaNaI (Rukmin<&) *Character kh (Sa`, S ) : SyaaLa (khya@l attention), saaESya (saukhya happiness),

Svaaba (khwa@b dream), Svaaihoa (khwa@hish desire), Syaaita (khya@ti fame)

*Character g (ga`, g ) : gLaasa (gla@s glass), dugZa (dugdha milk), Aigna (agni fire),

Baagya (bha@gya fortune), gvaaLaa (gwa@la@ milkman), gyaarh (gya@raha eleven)

*Character gh (za`, z ) : ivaμ ivazna ivaza`na (vighna obstacle), ×tazna ×taza`na

(kr<taghna obliged), LazvaaoaI Laza`vaaoaI (laghva@sh& moderate eater)

*Character ch (ca‘, c ) : baccaa (bachcha@ kid), saccaa (sachcha@ true), Acyauta

(Achyuta Krishn<a), vaacya (va@cya utterance), AcCa (achha@ good), kccaa

(kaccha@ raw) *Character j (ja‘, j ) : rajya (ra@jya kingdom), sajja (sajja ready), qjjvaLa

(ujjawal bright), jyaaeita (jyoti brilliance), jvaaLaa (jwa@la@ flame)

*Character t> (@‘‘) : Cu£I Cu@`@I (chhut<t>& holiday), ima£I, ima@`@I (mit>t>& soil) Sa£a

Sa@`@a (khat>t>a@ sour), pa@`#a (pat>t>ha@ pupil), mau@‘#I (mut>t>h& fist)

*Character d< (D‘) : Sa¥a SaD`Da (khad<d<a@ pit), h¥I hD`DI (had<d<& bone), q¥yana

qD`Dyana (ud<d<ayan flying)

*Character n< (Na`, N ) : paaNDva (Pa@n<d<ava), kN# (kan<t>ha throat), kN@k

(kan<t>aka thorn), DNDa (d<an<d<a@ stick), PaNmaasa (s<an<ma@sa six months), BaNDarI

(bhan>d>a@r& storekeeper), ANDa (an<d<a@ egg)


*Character t (ta`, t ) : satkar (satka@ra honour), rtnaakr (Ratna@kar), Aatmaa (‡tma@ soul), satya (satya truth), tyaaga (tya@g sacrifice), %aasa (tra@s trouble), tvara

(tvara@ rush), saTva, sata`tva, sata`ta`va (sattava truth), mahtva, mahTva (mahatva, mahattva greatness)

*Character th (Ya`, Y ) : taYya (tathya truth), paYya (pathya diet)

*Character dh (Za`, Z ) : baaZya (ba@dhya binding), AZvar (adhvara lower lip),

dZma (dadhma to blow), maZya (madhya centre), Zyaana (dhya@na meditation),

Zvaina (dhvani soundon)

*Character n (na`, n ) : Aanand (‡nanda joy), ja²ta (jannat heaven), A² (anna food), janma (janma birth), Anya (anya other), Zanyavaad (dhanyava@d thanks),

iBa² (bhinna different), }ntajaar (intaja@ra wait), AnZaera (andhera@ darkness)

*Character p (pa`, p ) : samaaipta (sama@pti end), pyaar (pya@r love), svapna (svapna

dream), tapta (tapta heated), pLava (plava bird)

*Character ph, f (f‘, Ý ) : ÝLaavar (fla@war flower), ÝLaask (fla@sk), ÝLaae (flo flow), rÝtaar (rafta@r speed), hÝtaa (hafta@ week)

*Character b (ba`, b ) : Zabbaa (dhabba@ spot), bLaU (blu@ blue), oabd (shabda sound), byaU@I (beauty), byaah (bya@ha wedding), sabjaI (sabj& vegetable)

*Character bh (Ba`, B ) : AByaasa (abhya@s study), saBya (sabhya gentle), LaBya

(labhya available) *Character m (ma ‘, m ) : Ammaa (amma@ mother), sampada (sampada@ wealth),

samyak‘ (samyak proper), sammaana (samma@na honour), maumba}| (mumba&, Bombay), AmLa (amla sour), saamya (sa@mya similarity), sambanZa (sambandha relationship)

*Character y (ya`, y ) : oayyaa (shayya@ bed)


LESSON 8 Aa#vaaã paa#

SPECIAL COMPOUND CHARACTERS

(1) Character d (d` ) forms following commonly used SEVEN compound letters :

(i). d + ga = dga writen as : d` + ga = d`ga = § Bagava§Itaa

(ii) d + da = dda written as : d‘ + d = d`d = ª qªeoa

(iii) d + dha = ddha written as d` + Za = d`Za = & bau&

(v) d + bha = dbha written as : d` + Ba = d`Ba = ® OaRIma®gava§Itaa

(v) d + ya = dya written as : d` + ya` = d`ya = ^ iva^a

(vi) d + ma = dma written as : d` + ma` = d`ma ¯ pa¯

(vii) d + va = dva written as : d` + va` = d`va = V Var

(2) Characters ra and r (r, r` ) form following TWO types of compounds :

(A) WHEN FULL CONSONANT ra (r) comes after a half consonant character, it is written

as a slant line attached to that (half) consonant. (Note : Even though that half consonant apprars to be written as a full consonant, it is actually a half consonant) :

(i) k (half) + ra (full) = kra ( k‘ + r = k‘r = Û) caÛ

(ii) g + ra = gra ( ga` + r = ga`r = gaR) AgaR

(iii) t + ra = tra ( ta` + r = ta`r = %a) paiva%a

(iv) d + ra = dra ( d` + r = dR) dRva

(v) sh + ra =shra ( oa` + r = Ã) OaRI

(vi) t> or d<+ ra= tra, d<ra (@` + r = @¼) @¼k (truck), raP@¼ (ra@s<t<ra nation), Za\taraP@¼ (Dhr<tara@s<t>ra)

(vii) s + ra = sra (sa` + r = sa`r = Ä) sahÄ


(B) WHEN HALF CONSONANT r ( r` ) comes before any full consonant character, the r (r` ) is written as ( | ) over that full consonant.

(viii) r + k ( – ) r` + k = k–_ Ak– (arka extract), svaga| (svarga heaven),

AGAIN REMEMBER : (i) The slant line character ( R ) represents the full r (ra), it does not represent half r` (r)

eg\ paR = pa` + r paRkaoa

(ii) The curved line character ( | ) represents half r` (r), it does not represent full r (ra)

eg\ pa| = r` + pa sapa|

(3) Character h` forms following three types of very common compound letters :

(i) h + ma = hma (h‘ + ma = M)

(ii) h + ya = hya (h‘ + ya = H), baaH (bahya outer)

(iii) h + r> = hr> (h‘ + / = Ê) Êdya (hr>day heart)

THE SPECIAL LETTER kta

F

(4) Character k : character k + ta = kta. kta can be written as k‘ + ta = Kta_ but there is a

special character for this combo which is written as k‘ + ta = Kta = F

eg\ rF (rakta blood), BaiF BaiKta (bhakti devotion), vaFa vaKtaa (vakta@ speaker), mauF mauKta

(mukta free), vaF vaKta (vakta time), pa>iF pa>iKta (pan[kti line) ...etc

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