learning
TRANSCRIPT
LEARNING&
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Kingsuk Sarkar, MD
Asst. Prof.
Dept. of Community Medicine
DSMCH
Intelligence:
-“global or
aggregative capacity
of the individual to
think rationally,deal
effectively and act
purposefully with his
environment.”
-Important aspect of personality
-Includes perceiving, knowing, reasoning &
remembering
-Interplay between environmental & genetic
factors
-Relationship exists between a person’s level
of intelligence & his range of activities,
level of achievement & his depth of
understanding
Mental Age:
-Based on concepts of intelligence
tests
-Indicates the level o intelligence
achieved
-Gives no indication on
brightness/dullness
-Four sectors of intellectual
development: a)motor ability,
b)adoptive behavior, c)language
development & d)personal -social
behavior
IQ( Intelligence
Quotient):
-“the ratio of mental age
& chronological age
expressed in
percentage”
IQ ═{Mental age/Chronological
age X100}
- Improvement over the concept of mental
health
- If Mental age ═ Chronological age; IQ ═100
- ≈80% of population have an IQ of/around 100
-IQ tests are not predictive of adaptive
functioning ( except those with significant
retardation)
-Criteria of social adaptation was added to the
definition of mental retardation
Levels of Intelligence
IQ Range
Idiot 0 -24
Imbecile 25 – 49
Moron 50 – 69
Borderline 70 – 79
Low Normal 80 – 89
Normal 90 – 109
Superior 110 – 119
Very Superior 120 – 139
Near genius ≥140
Adult Intelligence & its effect:
i.Space-ability to perceive objects
ii.Number-familiarity with elementary arithmetic
iii.Verbal comprehension: ability to reason from
verbal concepts
iv.Facility of expression-ability to employ
appropriate words
v.Memory-ability to retain words & ideas
vi.Induction-ability to discover principles
vii.Deduction-ability to use principles to solve concrete
problems
viii.Flexibility & rapidity of thought
Tests on
Intelligence:
-Group tests &
Individual tests
-Group test: all subjects
begins & finishes at
same time
-No constant time factor
in individual tests
-Measures performance
Minimal understanding
-Performance
Use of language
-Measures fundamental psychological process:
reasoning, relationship, without reference to
cultural / educational opportunities
-Helps to measure intelligence of: young people yet
to learn any language, illiterates -- because of lack
of educational benefits or feeble mindedness, those
speaking a foreign language
-Changes in educational opportunities → fluctuations in IQ
-IQ may rise considerably after glandular therapy
Importance of IQ assessment: -Those having low IQ can be provided special education
according to their capacity
-Those with very high IQ can also be given education as per
their need
-Can aid in determining the right time to join school
-Help to adjust a student to his work
-Selection procedure for colleges & professional schools
-As in educational guidance & various therapies
Other important tests:
Measures development/ maturation:
i.Bayley Infant Scale
ii.Gassel’s Development Schedule
iii.National Institute for Mentally
Handicapped Development Assessment
Schedule
Verbal tests:
i.Binet Kamat’s test
ii.Binet Kulshetra test
iii.Binet Shukla Test
iv.Malin’s Intelligence Scale for
Indian Children- Verbal Scale
Non- verbal tests:
- Developmental screening test
- Raven’s Progressive Matrix – Coloured
Performance tests:
-Seguin Form Board Test
-Gassel’s Drawing Test
-Draw a man test
-Malin’s Intelligence Scale for Indian Children –
Performance Scale
Adaptive Behavior Scales:
-Vineland Social Maturity Scale
-American Association on Mental
Retardation Adaptive Behavior Scale
Tests for specific abilities:
-Attention
-Concentration
-perception
Disability Measurement:
-Wing’s Comprehensive Handicaps,
Behavior & Skill Schedule (HBS)
-Disability Assessment Schedule (DAS)
-Measures & records in standardized format
the aspects of behavior, psychological
functions & social performance
Social Psychology
Science of behavior of the individual
in the society
oStudies behavior of the individual in
social situations – group, crowd, mob,
audience
oAlso concerned with attitudes of
individuals towards cultural & social
values
Group BehaviorAlso known as Social Behavior
Man, being a social creature is influenced by
-Customs & Laws
-Ideals
-Art & literature
-Crafts
-Science & technology
-Institutions
Social InteractionInter – personal relationships:
-Also known as person- to – person interaction.
-Individual learns from parents, teacher, friends
Inter – group relationships:
-Individual adherence to the traditions of the group
-Social interaction → development of attitude towards
persons, situations, issues
-Social attitudes – attitude towards non-adoption of family
planning, child marriage
Group moraleEvery group has its leader
-Leader is responsible for solidarity of the group
-Upholds the morale of the group member
-Group members work together with definite
programmes & objectives
-Members may think, feel, act together
-Community problems may be solved through
group effort
Right of the Individual:
1948, General Assembly of United nations
Adopted Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- Recognition that human beings are born free
& equal, should enjoy dignity & rights
- 30 articles
-Right to better living conditions
-Right to Health & Medical Services
Role of individual in society
oThe Universal Declaration of Human Rights
refer
- “ Everyone has the right to a standard of
living adequate for the health and well being
of himself and his family, including food,
clothing, housing, medical care and
necessary social services, and the right to
security in the event of unemployment,
sickness, disability, widow-hood, old age or
other lack of livelihood in circumstances
beyond his control
-Motherhood and
childhood are entitled to
special care and
assistance. All children,
whether born in or out of
wedlock , shall enjoy the
same social protection.
oConstitution of India guarantees 7
broad categories of fundamental rights:
1)Right to equality
2)Right to freedom of speech & expression
3)Right against exploitation
4)Right to freedom of practice & propagation of
religion
5)Right to minorities to conserve their culture
6)Right to property
7)Right to constitutional remedies for the
enforcement
of fundamental rights
Responsibility for health:
- Health has to be earned by individual
effort
- It cant be granted individually
Responsibility lies both upon
- individual
- community/state
Personal responsibilities:
- Diet
- care of teeth & skin care
- Recreation & exercise
- cultivation of healthful habits
- Immunization
- Early report of sickness episode
- Optimum utilization of available
healthcare facilities
Government/ State responsibility
- To safeguard & promote health & welfare of
citizens
o Provision of health under Government of
India
- Health & strength of workers, men & women
and the tender age children are not abused and
that citizens are not forced by economic
necessity to enter a vocation unsuited to their
age or strength
- The children & youth are protected against
exploitation and against moral & material
abandonment
- The state shall, within the limits of its
economic capacity & development , make
effective provision for securing the right to
work, to education & to public assistance
in case of un employment, old age,
sickness, & disablement, and in other
cases of underserved want.
- The state shall regard the raising of
the level nutrition & standard of
living of its people and the
improvement of public health as
among its primary duties.
THANK YOU