ARIHANT INSTITUTE OF TEACHERS TRAINING

NAME: Shendkar Rupali P.COURSE NO: 103

Teaching and LearningUNIT:Learning by Imitation

Imitation Imitation as an end is more akin to mimicry in which a

person copies another act to repeat that action again. This kind of imitation is often observed in animals.

Imitation with a purpose utilizes the imitative act as a means to accomplish something more significant.

Imitation Types of learning- Verbal learning, motor

learning, concept learning etc.

Human beings can learn by imitation.

Imitation requires- ability to observe and to see relationship

Imitation Studies have shown that children can be

taught to imitate certain responses when the basic principles of learning and motivation are followed.

The factor of maturation also plays a part. A child who is not mature enough, cannot learn to walk,write swim or to read just by observation. Similarly just by observation, a child cannot learn to repair a complex machnism.

Imitation It enables the learner to save time and effort

which might otherwise be wasted in making incorrect approaches.

Observing skilled performance not only gives general orientation but it also gives the observer certain insights at the start.

Imitation should not be considered as an independent theory of learning. Imitation may come in the picture in different types of learning such as motor learning, verbal learning problem solving etc. If imitation is carried on without proper observation, learning may amount to trial and error learning.

Maturation:Development of child takes place of two basic but complex

process

1- Learning2- maturationWhen the development results from the natural growth of

the physiological system, it is called maturation.Learning is possible when certain stage of maturation is

reached.

Maturation: Maturation may be physical or mental. Maturation is reflected in the readiness of the child to do

certain activity. Pacing means presenting activities at a rate commensurate

with the development of the child. Do not force the child to read and write in the KG class as

the child may not be mature enough and hence may not be ready to do the activities.

The more mature organism, the less training is needed to reach a given level of proficiency.

Maturation: The principle of maturation merely warns us against

enforcing training on a child when he is not mature to learn the specific skills.

Otherwise the child may develop wrong habits, may lose interest and then will require more time to unlearn the wrong habits.

teacher should explain this principle to parents who are over ambitious and over enthusiastic in the education of their 3 or 4 years old child.

Intelligence Intelligence goes on growing up to the age of 16 to 20 years but he I.Q. for

most individuals remains constant .the I.Q. provides a ratio for determining how bright an individualk is as

comopared to other age

Intelligence Intelligence is expressed by an IQ score in an intelligence test is positivity

related to training. Generally, people with higher IQs learn new material rapidly. However,

higher IQ in itself is no guarantee for rapid learning since other factors such as motivation of the learner and the method used for learning are also important.

AttentionAttention is always present is consious life and is common to all types of

mental activity.We must attend before we know, feel or act. It is a characteristic of all conscious life.Attention as the selective activity of consciousness or as a process of getting

an object of thought clearly before the mind.

Why do we attend?Internal and external factors

Conditions that control attention may be termed as objective and subjective, those that are found in the objects ( external) and those that lie within the subject ( internal).

External factors or objective

conditions of attention

Change

Repetition

Size

Intensity

MovementContrast

novelty

External factors or objective conditions of attention

IntensitySizeRepetitionChangeMovementContrast novelty

Intensity-

A strong stimulus is more likely to be noticed than a weak one.A loud noise has the advantage over a soft whisper, the bright head-light of a

car catches our attention more easily than the dull lamp of a cycle.

Size-

Other things being equal, a large object will draw our attention more readily than a small one, a big advertisement or a tall building or an elephant will easily attract our attention.

Repetition-The alarm of a clock would go unnoticed, if it strikes only

once. To Attract your attention, advertisers repeat a particular slogan while advertising t.hrough radio and tv

Change-

To attract attention, change should not be gradual one but a sudden one, the tickling of wall clock goes unnoticed, but it arrests attention as soon as it stops. A Speaker modulates his voice to attract the attention of the audience.

Contrast-Anything that is different from its surrounding is likely to stand out and catch

the eye. An ink blot on a white sari is likely to attract attention more readily than one on a colored sari. A tall and a short person walking together attract our attention more quickly.

Novelty-

A strange object generally arouses attention. An advertisement printed upside down or a student wearing a western style dress with a turban on his head is likely to attract attention.

Internal factors (Subjective) or conditions of Attention

How much and in what way a person will attend to a stimulus depends not only upon the characteristics of that stimulus or the favourable environmental conditions but also upon the persons own interest, motives, Interest. We attend to objects in which we are interested. these internal actors are of many kinds but they can put into six classes-

1-Emotions2- Interest3-mood4-Attitude5-Motives6-Instincts

1.Emotions-emotions are said to be the “ internal

motivation” of attention. In joy and affection we attend to certain things. In sorrow we like nothing. hence the teacher should try to make the classroom situation pleasant so that so student can attend and gain the maximum.

2 Interest and attention-

Interest is a very helpful factor in securing attention. We attend to objects in which we are interested and we do not attend to those in which we do not have interest. A boy interested in hockey will be more interested in watching a hockey match than football or the volleyball matches being played at the same time on adjacent grounds.

Teacher should make his lesson interesting by connecting it with their basic need,drives and interest.

3.Mood-3. the more the pleasant mood of the child the

greater the level of attention.it also leads to less distraction when pleasant.

Our mood always influences the direction of attention. If somebody is seriously ill at home, you find it difficult to pay attention your study. if you are in a pleasant mood, you pay attention easily.

Our mood always influences the direction of attention. If somebody is seriously ill at home, you find it difficult to pay attention your study. if you are in a pleasant mood, you pay attention easily.