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Learning: Classical Conditioning

Outline Learning Overview Classical conditioning

Ivan Pavlov & his dogs Watson Terminology Applications

Transitioning from classical conditioning to operant conditioning

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Learning Overview Most “lowly” animals, like sea snails, behave by instinct

and are incapable of learning

With training, pigeons can be taught to tell the difference between Bach and Stravinsky

Skinner pigeons playing ping pong

Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

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Learning Overview What is Learning?

Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.

How do we know if learning has occurred? Observe changes in behavior Ex. Exams

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Learning Overview Psychologists study 3 types of learning

Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Observational Learning


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Classical ConditioningIvan Pavlov Russian Physiologist Studied Digestion Won 1904 Nobel prize Famous (in psychology)

for his incidental study of learning… “classical conditioning”

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

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Classical Conditioning Creation of an association between two stimuli

FOOD VOMIT

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Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Stimulus that unconditionally (naturally) triggers a response

Unconditioned Response (UCR) The unlearned, naturally occurring response to the

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

UCS(bad bacteria, flu bug, etc.)

UCR(Vomit due to

bug)

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Classical Conditioning Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

The originally neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response

Conditioned Response (CR) The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

(Conditioned Stimulus)

CS(FOOD)

CR(gagging)

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Classical Conditioning: Pavlov’s Dogs

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Classical ConditioningBefore Conditioning

During Conditioning After Conditioning

UCS (foodin mouth)

Neutralstimulus(tone)

Nosalivation

UCR (salivation)


UCS (foodin mouth)

UCR(salivation)

CS(tone)

CR (salivation)

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UCS (foodin mouth)


Nosalivation

UCR (salivation)


UCS (foodin mouth)

UCR(salivation)

CS(tone)

CR (salivation)

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UCS (foodin mouth)


Nosalivation

UCR (salivation)


UCS (foodin mouth)

UCR(salivation)

CS(tone)

CR (salivation)

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UCS (foodin mouth)


Nosalivation

UCR (salivation)


UCS (foodin mouth)

UCR(salivation)

CS(tone)

CR (salivation)


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Classical ConditioningJohn B. Watson Strict Behaviorist

Behavior only, no thoughts

Baby Albert Experiment

John Watson (1878-1958)


Baby Albert Experiment, 1920 “At approximately nine months of age we ran him through

the emotional tests that have become a part of our regular routine in determining whether fear reactions can be called out by other stimuli than sharp noises and the sudden removal of support. In brief, the infant was confronted suddenly and for the first time successively with a white rat, a rabbit, a dog, a monkey, with masks with and without hair, cotton wool, burning newspapers, etc. At no time did this infant ever show fear in any situation. The infant practically never cried. The test to determine whether a fear reaction could be called out by a loud sound was made when he was eight months, twenty-six days of age. The sound was that made by striking a hammer upon a suspended steel bar four feet in length and three-fourths of an inch in diameter.”


Baby Albert Experiment, 1920 “The child started violently, his breathing was checked

and the arms were raised in a characteristic manner. On the second stimulation the same thing occurred, and in addition the lips began to pucker and tremble. On the third stimulation the child broke into a sudden crying fit. This is the first time an emotional situation in the laboratory has produced any fear or even crying in Albert. We had expected just these results on account of our work with other infants brought up under similar conditions. It is worthwhile to call attention to the fact that removal of support (dropping and jerking the blanket upon which the infant was lying) was tried exhaustively upon this infant on the same occasion. It was not effective in producing the fear response.”

- Watson’s Journal


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Classical ConditioningJohn B. Watson Strict Behaviorist

Behavior only, no thoughts

Baby Albert Experiment

Advertising

John Watson (1878-1958)

Classical Conditioning: Advertising

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Classical Conditioning: Stages Acquisition

Initial learning stage Association between neutral stimulus and UCS

Extinction Diminishing of a CR usually because the UCS no

longer follows the CS

CS(FOOD)

CR(gagging)

NOT

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Classical Conditioning: Stages

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Classical Conditioning Stimulus Generalization

Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus

Stimulus Discrimination Learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other

stimuli that do not signal an UCS

White Rabbit

Fear

White Rat

White Beard

White Dog

Classical Conditioning: Applications Crack cocaine users

Drug = UCS; High = UCR Paraphernalia, people = CS Craving = CR

Exposure Therapies Ex. PTSD, phobias

Immune system drugs

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Summary: Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov

Definition of terms (UCS, CS, UCR, CR)

Pavlov’s dogs James Watson

Baby Albert Experiment Advertising (examples)

Stages Acquisition & Extinction Stimulus Generalization &

Discrimination Classical Conditioning:

Applications Drug abuse Exposure therapies Immune system drugs

“I think Mom’s using the can opener.”

Transitioning from Classical Conditioning to Operant

Conditioning…


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From Classical to Operant Conditioning

Classical conditioning can’t explain all learning

Mathematical learning (S-R) theories arose

Law of Effect: Behaviors are influenced by their resulting effects

Behavior (stealing)

RewardMore Behavior

(stealing)

Punishment Less Behavior (stealing)


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From Classical to Operant Conditioning

Classical Conditioning Associations between two

paired stimuli (CS & UCS)

Operant Conditioning Associations between

behaviors and resulting events

learning: classical conditioning - north seattle...

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