learning how do we learn through our environment? classical conditioning – neutral stimulus...
TRANSCRIPT
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Learning
How do we learn through our environment? Classical Conditioning – Neutral stimulus acquires
ability to produce a response
Operant Conditioning – Consequences increase or decrease the likelihood of a response
Social Learning / Cognitive Learning (Modeling)
Instincts
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What is Classical Conditioning? (Pavlov)
Neutral Stimulus (NS) – causes a sensory response but does not produce the reflex
Unconditioned Stimulus(UCS) – triggers a physical response
Unconditioned Response (UCR) – Unlearned reflex
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What is Classical Conditioning? (Pavlov)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) – Same as neutral stimulus; now produces a response
Conditioned Response (CR)– Similar to the UCR, but lesser in size & amount
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Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning
We learn to associate two stimuli
Two related events:
Lightning
Stimulus 1
Thunder
Stimulus 2
Result after repetition
We see lightning
Stimulus
We wince anticipatingthunder
Response
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Pavlov’s Classic Experiment
Before Conditioning
During Conditioning After Conditioning
UCS (foodin mouth)
Neutralstimulus(tone)
Nosalivation
UCR (salivation)
Neutralstimulus(tone)
UCS (foodin mouth)
UCR(salivation)
CS(tone)
CR (salivation)
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Nausea Conditioning in Cancer Patients
UCS(drug)
UCR(nausea)
CS(waiting room)
CS(waitingroom) CR
(nausea)
UCS(drug)
UCR(nausea)
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What is Operant Conditioning ?(Skinner)
Rewards/Punishments determine behavior
Reinforcements – increase the likelihood of a response
Punishment – decreases the likelihood of a response
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What is Thorndike’s Law of Effect ?
Random
actions followed by reward are strengthened and will recur
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Can any stimulus result in conditioning?
Generalization – Similar stimuli elicit same response (Little Albert Example)
Discrimination – Only certain stimuli will elicit response
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Does conditioning last forever?
Extinction – CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS and eventually will no longer elicit the CR
Spontaneous Recovery – The CR reappears even after an absence of conditioning trials
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Can you uncondition learning?
Systematic Desensitization – Blood, needles, snakes, public-speaking
Test anxiety Treating drug desires
Fear/Anxiety Hierarchy Greatest Fear
Least Fear
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How does operant conditioning work ?
**Shaping – successive reinforcement of approximate behaviors as they lead to the desired behavior goal
Application Examples
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What’s the difference between Operant and Classical Conditioning?**
OPERANT
GOALIncreases or Decreases a rate of Response
CLASSICAL
GOALCreate a new response to a neutral stimulus
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What’s the difference between Operant and Classical Conditioning? **
OPERANT
ResponseVoluntaryEmitted by ShapingContingent upon
behaviorReinforced
immediately
CLASSICAL
Response Involuntary Reflex Elicited by Stimulus Conditioned by the Pairing presented slightly before
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What’s the difference between Operant and Classical Conditioning?**
OPERANT
Result
Behavior depends on Consequences
CLASSICAL
Result
Organism learns a predictable relationship between NS & UCS
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What is Reinforcement ?
Increases the chance of behavior recurring
Positive – rewards
Negative – removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the positive behavior
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What can reinforce us?***
Primary – food, water, sex …innately satisfying
Secondary – acquires power through experience
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What is Punishment ?
Decreases the chance of behavior recurring
Positive – presenting an unpleasant stimulus after a response Negative – removing a reinforcing stimulus after a response
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Which will you use as a parent?
SPANKING
Positive Punishment
increases aggression
linked to low self-esteem & depression
TIME-OUT
Negative Punishment
fewer side effects
Doesn’t model aggression
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Which will you use as a parent?
SPANKING
Only points out what the child should not doCan be used sparing w/ consistency
TIME-OUT
No severe emotional reactions
Combine with teaching alternative desired behaviors & reinforcement
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How does Partial Reinforcement work?
Fixed Ratio Occurs after a Fixed # of responses
Payment for # of items completed
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How does Partial Reinforcement work?
Fixed Interval
Behavior occurs after a fixed interval of time
Surfers riding waves after so many minutes of time
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How does Partial Reinforcement work?
Variable Ratio
A different number of responses is required for each reinforcement
Las Vegas Slot Machines
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How does Partial Reinforcement work?
Variable Interval
Different amounts of time pass for reinforcements to occur
Bus arrivals (some early, some late)
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What must occur for Social Cognitive learning to happen?
Bandura believed that ‘modeling’ is the most powerful learning method
4 Features Attention –Observe Memory – Store the image Imitation – Ability to perform Motivation – incentive to imitate
Skill vs Performance deficits
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What about instincts ? Abilities evolved for survival (Adaptive Learning)
Imprinting – inherited tendencies Preparedness - Taste AversionEthology – study of animal behaviors in natural settings