learning - mr. petrie's classes · pdf fileclassical conditioning is a learning procedure...

4
Untitled.notebook 1 October 17, 2012 Sep 269:33 AM Unit 4 Learning and Cognitive Processes Chapter 9 Learning: Principles and Applications Lesson 1 Classical Conditioning Objectives: Describe the principles of classical conditioning Outline the techniques of classical conditioning Sep 269:37 AM What is learning? How do we know that learning has occurred? What factors, other than learning, can influence performance? What are the different ways in which we learn things? Learning Sep 269:45 AM Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is a learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus. Neutral Stimulus a stimulus that does not initially elicit a response (tuning fork) Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) an event that elicits a certain predictable response without previous training (meat) Unconditioned Response (UCR) An organism's automatic (or natural) reaction to a stimulus (salivation) Conditioned Stimulus (CS) An ordinarily neutral event that, after training, leads to a response (tuning fork after training). Conditioned Response (CR) The learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus (salivation to tuning fork) Sep 269:39 AM Classical Conditioning Sep 2610:07 AM Principles of Classical Conditioning Generalization When an animal responds to a second stimulus similar to the original CS, without prior training (dogs responded to an oval as well as a circle) Discrimination The ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli. (dentist's drill, other drills) Extinction The gradual disappearance of a CR when the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS. (eg car accident) how can this be applied to daily life? Think of examples from your own experience or otherwise, in which a person can develop a conditioned response UCS UCR CS CR Car Crash Fear Rainy Weather Fear Cat attack Pain Cats Fear Loud bang Fear Balloon Fear Sep 309:46 AM Classical Conditioning and Human Behaviour We have Watson and Rayner's experiment with little Albert and the rat (1920). For this experiment, identify: UCS UCR NS CS CR How did this experiment also show the principal of generalization? Mowrer's "bell and pad" how does this use classical conditioning?

Upload: buiphuc

Post on 08-Mar-2018

214 views

Category:

Documents


2 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Learning - Mr. Petrie's Classes · PDF fileClassical conditioning is a learning procedure in which associations are made ... UCS UCR CS CR Car Crash Fear ... Identify the principles

Untitled.notebook

1

October 17, 2012

Sep 26­9:33 AM

Unit 4 Learning and Cognitive Processes

Chapter 9 ­ Learning: Principles and Applications

Lesson 1 ­ Classical Conditioning

Objectives:

Describe the principles of classical conditioning

Outline the techniques of classical conditioning

Sep 26­9:37 AM

What is learning?

How do we know that learning has occurred?

What factors, other than learning, can influence performance?

What are the different ways in which we learn things?

Learning

Sep 26­9:45 AM

Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning is a learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus.

Neutral Stimulus ­ a stimulus that does not initially elicit a response (tuning fork)

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) ­ an event that elicits a certain predictable response without previous training (meat)

Unconditioned Response (UCR) ­ An organism's automatic (or natural) reaction to a stimulus (salivation)

Conditioned Stimulus (CS) ­ An ordinarily neutral event that, after training, leads to a response (tuning fork after training).

Conditioned Response (CR) ­ The learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus (salivation to tuning fork)

Sep 26­9:39 AM

Classical Conditioning

Sep 26­10:07 AM

Principles of Classical Conditioning

Generalization ­ When an animal responds to a second stimulus similar to the original CS, without prior training (dogs responded to an oval as well as a circle)

Discrimination ­ The ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli. (dentist's drill, other drills)

Extinction ­ The gradual disappearance of a CR when the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS. (eg ­ car accident)  ­how can this be applied to daily life?

Think of examples from your own experience or otherwise, in which a person can develop a conditioned response

UCS UCR CS CR

Car Crash Fear Rainy Weather Fear

Cat attack Pain Cats Fear

Loud bang Fear Balloon Fear

Sep 30­9:46 AM

Classical Conditioning and Human Behaviour

We have Watson and Rayner's experiment with little Albert and the rat (1920).  For this experiment, identify:

UCS

UCR

NS

CS

CR

How did this experiment also show the principal of generalization?

Mowrer's "bell and pad" ­ how does this use classical conditioning?

Page 2: Learning - Mr. Petrie's Classes · PDF fileClassical conditioning is a learning procedure in which associations are made ... UCS UCR CS CR Car Crash Fear ... Identify the principles

Untitled.notebook

2

October 17, 2012

Sep 30­9:56 AM

Chapter 9 ­ Learning: Principles and Applications

Lesson 2 ­ Operant Conditioning

Objectives:

Outline the principles of operant conditioning

Describe applications of operant conditioning

Oct 3­10:34 AM

Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning is learning from the consequences of behaviour.  Actions are reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in behaviour.

The subject operates on or causes some change in the environment.

Operant conditioning differs from classical conditioning in that operant conditioning looks at how voluntary behaviour is affected by its consequences.

Skinner Box

Oct 3­10:44 AM

Principles of Conditioning

Reinforcement  ­ stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated. Eg ­ social approval, money, extra privileges.

Positive reinforcement ­ something positive is added (a treat for a dog)

Negative reinforcement ­ something negative is take away (choke collar is loosened) NOT PUNISHMENT

Primary reinforcer ­ naturally rewarding (food or water)

Secondary Reinforcer ­ becomes reinforcer when paired with primary reinforcer (money) ­ Wolfe ­ poker chips 

for chimps

Oct 3­11:10 AM

Reinforcement in the Classroom

Type of Reinforcer  Behaviour it elicits 

negative­exemption Attendance + Study habits

positive reinforcement ­ allowed to use phones in the halls fighting for you rights

positive rein. ­ getting candy for high mark academic success

neg. rien. ­ getting let out of class early ­ for attentiveness attentiveness

neg. rein ­ more quiet =less notes quieter class

Devise a system for your classroom that could replace the existing reinforcers with new ones.

Describe how the new reinforcers operate

Oct 3­10:55 AM

Schedules of Reinforcement

Continuous vs Partial Schedules

Read the section on Schedules of Reinforcement (p.253­254) and make a chart to explain the 4 types of schedules

Think of examples of when these four schedules occur in your own lives.  

Analyze the effectiveness of the approach for each example and consider whether another method might work better.

Oct 3­11:26 AM

Shaping and Chaining

Shaping is a process by which reinforcement is used to sculpt new responses out of old ones.  First rewards any action similar to desired beahviour, then must get closer and closer to get the reward.

A response chain is a sequence of responses producing signals for the next response ­ for example learning to swim, or play piano, or solve a math problem.  

Page 3: Learning - Mr. Petrie's Classes · PDF fileClassical conditioning is a learning procedure in which associations are made ... UCS UCR CS CR Car Crash Fear ... Identify the principles

Untitled.notebook

3

October 17, 2012

Oct 4­9:06 AM

Aversive Control

Aversive control involves influencing behaviour by means of unpleasant stimuli.

Punishment decreases the likelihood that a behaviour will be repeated.

Punishers depend on their effect on the learner (eg ­ reprimanding a child for acting out)

Problems with punishment:

Aversive stimuli can produce unwanted side effects (rage, aggression, fear)

People learn to avoid the person delivering the punishment

Punishment is likely to suppress rather than eliminate behaviours

Without coaching and modeling, the person may not know correct behaviour

Oct 4­9:27 AM

Lesson 3 ­ Social Learning

Objectives:

Cite the principles involved in cognitive learning and modeling

Identify the principles of learning used in behaviour modification

Oct 4­9:28 AM

Social Learning

Social learning is a form of learning in which the organism observes and imitates the behaviour of others.  This goes beyond mechanical responses to learning or reinforcement.

2 Types:

• Cognitive Learning

• Modeling

Bandura Bobo Doll Experiment

Oct 4­9:41 AM

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive maps ­ mental pictures of spatial relationships

Latent Learning ­ learning that is not demonstrated by an immediate, observable change in behaviour

Tolman's Maze

Cognitive learning focuses on how information is obtained, processed, and organized

Oct 4­9:57 AM

Learned Helplessness is condition in which repeated attempts to control a situation fail, resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable. (Hiroto noise study)

When people are unable to control events in their lives, what happens?

Less motivated ­ stop trying

Lowered Self Esteem

Depression

3 Elements of Learned Helplessness:

stability vs instability ­ "I have never done well on math tests and I never will" vs "I did poorly on this test because I was sick"

globality vs specific ­ "I'm just dumb" vs "I am bad at math tests"

internalality vs externality ­ "It is my fault" vs "it was a bad test"

Cognitive Learning

Oct 5­10:39 AM

ModelingModeling is learning by imitating others and copying behaviour.  

First type of modeling ­ no learning takes place ­ we perform responses because others are doing the same thing (eg ­ clapping at a concert, looking up when everyone else does)

Second type of modeling ­ observational learning (imitation) ­ watch someone perform a behaviour and are later able to reproduce it (learning a dance step)

Third type of modeling ­ disinhibition ­ observer watches someone engage in threatened behaviour without being punished, the observer may find it easier to engage in that behaviour (phobias) ­ consider the possible negative implications of disinhibition

Page 4: Learning - Mr. Petrie's Classes · PDF fileClassical conditioning is a learning procedure in which associations are made ... UCS UCR CS CR Car Crash Fear ... Identify the principles

Untitled.notebook

4

October 17, 2012

Oct 5­10:55 AM

Behaviour Modification

Behaviour Modification refers to the systematic application of learning principles to change people's actions and feelings.

Must first specifically define the problem then use learning principles to help change it.

Using a token economy involves conditioning by reinforcing desirable behaviour with valueless objects which can be accumulated and traded for rewards.

Self ­ control 

You can develop bad habits through operant conditioning.  Procrastination ­ immediate reinforcement, delayed punishment

You can help modify your behaviour by setting up a system of rewards and punishments:  

• Identify a problem behaviour in your life.• Define the problem specifically.• Consider how this may have developed.• Set up a behaviour contract for yourself to help modify the behaviour.

Oct 6­10:08 AM

Your Learning

List five behaviours or traits that you exhibit and consider what learning principle(s) helped to shape each.

Oct 6­9:38 AM

Critical Thinking

1.  Which schedules of reinforcement do teachers typically use in their classes?  How would your classes be different if they used other methods?

2.  Businesses often make use of conditioning techniques in their commercials.  Think of specific examples and describe how they apply principles of conditioning.

3. How might a therapist help smokers quit smoking using classical conditioning techniques? Using operant conditioning techniques?  Using social learning techniques?

4.  Is punishment an effective tool for learning?  Describe the advantages and disadvantages of using punishment to teach a child behaviour.