learning - mr. petrie's classes · pdf fileclassical conditioning is a learning procedure...
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October 17, 2012
Sep 269:33 AM
Unit 4 Learning and Cognitive Processes
Chapter 9 Learning: Principles and Applications
Lesson 1 Classical Conditioning
Objectives:
Describe the principles of classical conditioning
Outline the techniques of classical conditioning
Sep 269:37 AM
What is learning?
How do we know that learning has occurred?
What factors, other than learning, can influence performance?
What are the different ways in which we learn things?
Learning
Sep 269:45 AM
Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning is a learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus.
Neutral Stimulus a stimulus that does not initially elicit a response (tuning fork)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) an event that elicits a certain predictable response without previous training (meat)
Unconditioned Response (UCR) An organism's automatic (or natural) reaction to a stimulus (salivation)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) An ordinarily neutral event that, after training, leads to a response (tuning fork after training).
Conditioned Response (CR) The learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus (salivation to tuning fork)
Sep 269:39 AM
Classical Conditioning
Sep 2610:07 AM
Principles of Classical Conditioning
Generalization When an animal responds to a second stimulus similar to the original CS, without prior training (dogs responded to an oval as well as a circle)
Discrimination The ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli. (dentist's drill, other drills)
Extinction The gradual disappearance of a CR when the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS. (eg car accident) how can this be applied to daily life?
Think of examples from your own experience or otherwise, in which a person can develop a conditioned response
UCS UCR CS CR
Car Crash Fear Rainy Weather Fear
Cat attack Pain Cats Fear
Loud bang Fear Balloon Fear
Sep 309:46 AM
Classical Conditioning and Human Behaviour
We have Watson and Rayner's experiment with little Albert and the rat (1920). For this experiment, identify:
UCS
UCR
NS
CS
CR
How did this experiment also show the principal of generalization?
Mowrer's "bell and pad" how does this use classical conditioning?
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October 17, 2012
Sep 309:56 AM
Chapter 9 Learning: Principles and Applications
Lesson 2 Operant Conditioning
Objectives:
Outline the principles of operant conditioning
Describe applications of operant conditioning
Oct 310:34 AM
Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning is learning from the consequences of behaviour. Actions are reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in behaviour.
The subject operates on or causes some change in the environment.
Operant conditioning differs from classical conditioning in that operant conditioning looks at how voluntary behaviour is affected by its consequences.
Skinner Box
Oct 310:44 AM
Principles of Conditioning
Reinforcement stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated. Eg social approval, money, extra privileges.
Positive reinforcement something positive is added (a treat for a dog)
Negative reinforcement something negative is take away (choke collar is loosened) NOT PUNISHMENT
Primary reinforcer naturally rewarding (food or water)
Secondary Reinforcer becomes reinforcer when paired with primary reinforcer (money) Wolfe poker chips
for chimps
Oct 311:10 AM
Reinforcement in the Classroom
Type of Reinforcer Behaviour it elicits
negativeexemption Attendance + Study habits
positive reinforcement allowed to use phones in the halls fighting for you rights
positive rein. getting candy for high mark academic success
neg. rien. getting let out of class early for attentiveness attentiveness
neg. rein more quiet =less notes quieter class
Devise a system for your classroom that could replace the existing reinforcers with new ones.
Describe how the new reinforcers operate
Oct 310:55 AM
Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous vs Partial Schedules
Read the section on Schedules of Reinforcement (p.253254) and make a chart to explain the 4 types of schedules
Think of examples of when these four schedules occur in your own lives.
Analyze the effectiveness of the approach for each example and consider whether another method might work better.
Oct 311:26 AM
Shaping and Chaining
Shaping is a process by which reinforcement is used to sculpt new responses out of old ones. First rewards any action similar to desired beahviour, then must get closer and closer to get the reward.
A response chain is a sequence of responses producing signals for the next response for example learning to swim, or play piano, or solve a math problem.
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October 17, 2012
Oct 49:06 AM
Aversive Control
Aversive control involves influencing behaviour by means of unpleasant stimuli.
Punishment decreases the likelihood that a behaviour will be repeated.
Punishers depend on their effect on the learner (eg reprimanding a child for acting out)
Problems with punishment:
Aversive stimuli can produce unwanted side effects (rage, aggression, fear)
People learn to avoid the person delivering the punishment
Punishment is likely to suppress rather than eliminate behaviours
Without coaching and modeling, the person may not know correct behaviour
Oct 49:27 AM
Lesson 3 Social Learning
Objectives:
Cite the principles involved in cognitive learning and modeling
Identify the principles of learning used in behaviour modification
Oct 49:28 AM
Social Learning
Social learning is a form of learning in which the organism observes and imitates the behaviour of others. This goes beyond mechanical responses to learning or reinforcement.
2 Types:
• Cognitive Learning
• Modeling
Bandura Bobo Doll Experiment
Oct 49:41 AM
Cognitive Learning
Cognitive maps mental pictures of spatial relationships
Latent Learning learning that is not demonstrated by an immediate, observable change in behaviour
Tolman's Maze
Cognitive learning focuses on how information is obtained, processed, and organized
Oct 49:57 AM
Learned Helplessness is condition in which repeated attempts to control a situation fail, resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable. (Hiroto noise study)
When people are unable to control events in their lives, what happens?
Less motivated stop trying
Lowered Self Esteem
Depression
3 Elements of Learned Helplessness:
stability vs instability "I have never done well on math tests and I never will" vs "I did poorly on this test because I was sick"
globality vs specific "I'm just dumb" vs "I am bad at math tests"
internalality vs externality "It is my fault" vs "it was a bad test"
Cognitive Learning
Oct 510:39 AM
ModelingModeling is learning by imitating others and copying behaviour.
First type of modeling no learning takes place we perform responses because others are doing the same thing (eg clapping at a concert, looking up when everyone else does)
Second type of modeling observational learning (imitation) watch someone perform a behaviour and are later able to reproduce it (learning a dance step)
Third type of modeling disinhibition observer watches someone engage in threatened behaviour without being punished, the observer may find it easier to engage in that behaviour (phobias) consider the possible negative implications of disinhibition
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October 17, 2012
Oct 510:55 AM
Behaviour Modification
Behaviour Modification refers to the systematic application of learning principles to change people's actions and feelings.
Must first specifically define the problem then use learning principles to help change it.
Using a token economy involves conditioning by reinforcing desirable behaviour with valueless objects which can be accumulated and traded for rewards.
Self control
You can develop bad habits through operant conditioning. Procrastination immediate reinforcement, delayed punishment
You can help modify your behaviour by setting up a system of rewards and punishments:
• Identify a problem behaviour in your life.• Define the problem specifically.• Consider how this may have developed.• Set up a behaviour contract for yourself to help modify the behaviour.
Oct 610:08 AM
Your Learning
List five behaviours or traits that you exhibit and consider what learning principle(s) helped to shape each.
Oct 69:38 AM
Critical Thinking
1. Which schedules of reinforcement do teachers typically use in their classes? How would your classes be different if they used other methods?
2. Businesses often make use of conditioning techniques in their commercials. Think of specific examples and describe how they apply principles of conditioning.
3. How might a therapist help smokers quit smoking using classical conditioning techniques? Using operant conditioning techniques? Using social learning techniques?
4. Is punishment an effective tool for learning? Describe the advantages and disadvantages of using punishment to teach a child behaviour.