learning object repositories: a learner centered perspective
DESCRIPTION
Learning Object Repositories: a learner centered perspective. Julià Minguillón Universitat Oberta de Catalunya. EdReNe – 4 th Strategic Seminar, March 24th - March 26th 2010, Barcelona, Spain. Table of contents. Learning Objects and Repositories LOR for Statistical resources - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Learning Object Repositories: a learner centered perspective
Julià MinguillónUniversitat Oberta de Catalunya
EdReNe – 4th Strategic Seminar, March 24th - March 26th 2010, Barcelona, Spain
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Table of contents• Learning Objects and Repositories• LOR for Statistical resources• Virtual Learning Environments• Idealizing a LOR• Our reality: DSpace• Improving learner’s experience• Open issues
J. Minguillón EdReNe – 4th Strategic Seminar, March 24th - March 26th 2010, Barcelona, Spain
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J. Minguillón EdReNe – 4th Strategic Seminar, March 24th - March 26th 2010, Barcelona, Spain
Repositories
LearningObjects
ComputerScience
Pedagogy
InformationScience
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J. Minguillón EdReNe – 4th Strategic Seminar, March 24th - March 26th 2010, Barcelona, Spain
METADATA
CONTENTLearning Objects
(digital)
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Learning Objects• Main goals:
– Help learners to acquire and develop a competence, skill, ability, …
– Help teachers (and learners) to create new LOs
• Desired characteristics:– Small to medium granularity– Described according to educational purposes– High level of connections between LOs
J. Minguillón EdReNe – 4th Strategic Seminar, March 24th - March 26th 2010, Barcelona, Spain
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Learning Objects• LOs are diverse:
– Courses SCORM, LD, HTML, …– Exercises PDF, QTI, …– Examples PDF, PPT, ODP, …– Multimedia elements JPEG, MP3, MOV, …– Simulations Applets, Flash– Source code C, Java, …– Data XLS, SPSS, …– Equations LaTeX, MathML, …– Other CML, XML, …
J. Minguillón EdReNe – 4th Strategic Seminar, March 24th - March 26th 2010, Barcelona, Spain
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Learning Object Metadata• Proposed metadata scheme: IEEE LOM
– 9 categories including Technical, Educational, Relation and Classification
– No required fields but plenty of them (> 70)– Can be “reduced” to unqualified Dublin Core
• But, what the □ □ □ □ is “5.4 Semantic density”?• Who will fill out over 70 fields?• What is the title of an exercise?
J. Minguillón EdReNe – 4th Strategic Seminar, March 24th - March 26th 2010, Barcelona, Spain
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Describing LOs• Only fill out fields that:
– …can be automatically filled– …are needed for preservation purposes– …will be used for retrieving (i.e. author?)
• Establish two or three levels of metadata:– Minimum, mandatory fields– Desirable– Complete
J. Minguillón EdReNe – 4th Strategic Seminar, March 24th - March 26th 2010, Barcelona, Spain
Progressive
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Repositories• Two main goals:
– Ensure preservation (keep the mummy)– Promote reutilization (show the mummy)
• These goals are somehow contradictory!(even if the mummy is digital)
• Institutional top-down position prevails
J. Minguillón EdReNe – 4th Strategic Seminar, March 24th - March 26th 2010, Barcelona, Spain
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Traditional perspective• Library centered:
– Books, journals, works, … (mostly textual)• Everything has a unique title• Everything has one or more authors• Everything has a creation date• Everything has a source• Almost everything is a PDF file
• Main goal: easily finding a resource by using a minimum set of common descriptors
J. Minguillón EdReNe – 4th Strategic Seminar, March 24th - March 26th 2010, Barcelona, Spain
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Repositories• Several possibilities:
General purpose ThematicTop-down Bottom-upInstitution driven Community drivenContent Links to content
• No discussion: open accessJ. Minguillón EdReNe – 4th Strategic Seminar, March 24th - March 26th 2010, Barcelona, Spain
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Case of study: LOR on Statistics• Why Statistics?
– Basic competences for the Information Society– Compulsory course for several degrees– Thousands of students each semester (≈ 4000)– Large collection of heterogeneous resources
• Known problems:– “There are too many resources”– “I don’t know how to start”– “I can’t link concepts and tools”
J. Minguillón EdReNe – 4th Strategic Seminar, March 24th - March 26th 2010, Barcelona, Spain
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Our proposal• From a teaching perspective:
– Build a thematic open LOR on Statistics– Bottom-up approach (teachers)– Integrate the LOR into the learning process– Engage learners into using the LOR
• From a research perspective:– Learning by doing– Create better user interfaces for LORs– Analyze user behavior
J. Minguillón EdReNe – 4th Strategic Seminar, March 24th - March 26th 2010, Barcelona, Spain
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Key factors for LOR success• Three dimensions (McNaught, 2006):
– Resources: what?– Actions: how?– Users: who?
• Why? (Margaryan and Littlejohn, 2008)
• User Centered Design methodology
J. Minguillón EdReNe – 4th Strategic Seminar, March 24th - March 26th 2010, Barcelona, Spain
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Key factors for LOR success• Genuine need of a community• Enthusiastic promoters• Clear direction and focus• Feedback from the community• Good management processes• Open access• Easy addition of new resources• Critical mass• Suitable granularity
J. Minguillón EdReNe – 4th Strategic Seminar, March 24th - March 26th 2010, Barcelona, Spain
↑↑≈↑≈↑↓↓↑
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Adopting E-Learning• Three dimensions (Bates, 2005):
– Methodological– Technological– Organizational
• Not completely orthogonal: interconnected
• LORs are basic infrastructure of VLEs
J. Minguillón EdReNe – 4th Strategic Seminar, March 24th - March 26th 2010, Barcelona, Spain
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Virtual Learning Environments• E-Learning is de facto web-based learning• VLEs enable learner centered models
LearningProcess
J. Minguillón EdReNe – 4th Strategic Seminar, March 24th - March 26th 2010, Barcelona, Spain
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LO
LO LO
LearningObject
Repository
VLE
UserInteraction
DataMining
J. Minguillón EdReNe – 4th Strategic Seminar, March 24th - March 26th 2010, Barcelona, Spain
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LD+
play
er
userprofile
default itinerary
LOR
ontologies
personalized itineraries
LOs
itineraries
evidences
LearningProcess
J. Minguillón EdReNe – 4th Strategic Seminar, March 24th - March 26th 2010, Barcelona, Spain
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Critical issues in LOR design• Methodological: (Wiley, 2007)
– Learning is more than just content• Technological (back-end + user interface):
– Learning is more than just browsing and searching LOs
• Organizational:– Workflow, licenses, metadata, policies, …
J. Minguillón EdReNe – 4th Strategic Seminar, March 24th - March 26th 2010, Barcelona, Spain
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What users want from a LOR• More exercises and examples (55.7%)• More simulations and interactive LOs (36.7%)• Submitting questions about a LO (50.6%)• Ranking LOs (43.0%)• Correcting small mistakes (41.8%)• Adding the LO as favorite (36.7%) by using:
– delicious (11.4%)– Other (51.9%)– None (26.6%)
• Nothing: just browsing and searching (16.4%)
J. Minguillón EdReNe – 4th Strategic Seminar, March 24th - March 26th 2010, Barcelona, Spain
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Ideal LOR• Basic premise: the act of browsing and/or
searching for resources should be a learning experience in itself– LOs are not isolated pieces– “Developing” requires knowing “from” and “to”– Users should be able to organize LOs– Connectivism (Siemens, 2005)
• Ideal UI: conceptual map + “social layer”
J. Minguillón EdReNe – 4th Strategic Seminar, March 24th - March 26th 2010, Barcelona, Spain
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Ideal LOR• Basic premise: once a LO has been
found, learners should be able to– Rate– Make comments / questions– Make favorite– Share– Subscribe
• The LO becomes part of learner’s contextJ. Minguillón EdReNe – 4th Strategic Seminar, March 24th - March 26th 2010, Barcelona, Spain
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System architecture
Sociallayer
PIM
LOR
PIM
PIM
UI
J. Minguillón EdReNe – 4th Strategic Seminar, March 24th - March 26th 2010, Barcelona, Spain
LO
Services
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Enhancing DSpace• Main idea:
– Use DSpace as an invisible back-end– Access LOs through persistent handles– Create a new user interface– Add 2.0 functionalities, maybe 3.0– Gather and analyze usage data
• Goal: allow learners to take control over LOs without using DSpace directly
J. Minguillón EdReNe – 4th Strategic Seminar, March 24th - March 26th 2010, Barcelona, Spain
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DSpace pros and cons
• Pros:– Solid, stable– Large community– Persistent handles– Preservation– Customizable– OAI PMH– API, RSS
• Cons:– Ugly user interface– 1.0 philosophy– Dublin Core– Multilingualism– Intricate– Mainly for e-prints
• Why DSpace? → already in use at UOC
J. Minguillón EdReNe – 4th Strategic Seminar, March 24th - March 26th 2010, Barcelona, Spain
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Improving interaction
• Avoid Google-like searches• Contextualized browsing• Refine search results while being built• Return only a few relevant LOs• Visualize related LOs• Allow learners to use web 2.0 services• Widget-ize available services
J. Minguillón EdReNe – 4th Strategic Seminar, March 24th - March 26th 2010, Barcelona, Spain
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• Three complementary elements:– List of competences– Tag cloud of keywords– Visual taxonomy
• Additional filters:– Resource type– Language
Competences
TaxonomyKeywords
LO
LO
New user interface
Ontology
LO
J. Minguillón EdReNe – 4th Strategic Seminar, March 24th - March 26th 2010, Barcelona, Spain
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meanvariance
proportionLO LO
LO
Student’s t test
box-plot
LO
test
J. Minguillón EdReNe – 4th Strategic Seminar, March 24th - March 26th 2010, Barcelona, Spain
• To compare two means• To choose a test• To compute a coefficient• ...
x □□ □
□ xx □
□□
□ □ □ □ □
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Open issues• IEEE LOM vs Dublin Core and OAI PMH• Filter and then find vs find and then filter• Use of upper ontologies for describing LOs• Combining thematic repositories• Multilingualism: UI, content and metadata• Usability, accessibility and mobility issues
• Ideas, people and funding are welcome!!!J. Minguillón EdReNe – 4th Strategic Seminar, March 24th - March 26th 2010, Barcelona, Spain
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References and bibliography• Bates, A.W. (2005). Technology, E-learning and Distance Education, Routledge.• Margaryan, A. and Littlejohn, A. (2008). Repositories and communities at cross-purposes: issues in
sharing and reuse of digital learning resources. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 24, 333-347.
• McNaught, C. (2006). Are Learning Repositories Likely To Become Mainstream In Education? In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Web Information Systems and Technologies, Setubal, Portugal, 11-13 April, IS9-IS17.
• Siemens, G. (2005). Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning. 2(1), 3–10.
• Wiley, D. (2007). Content is infrastructure. Terra incognita. Available at http://blog.worldcampus.psu.edu/index.php/2007/10/03/content-is-infrastructure/
• McGreal, R. (2004). Learning Objects: A Practical definition. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning, 1(9).
• Monge, S.; Ovelar, R.; Azpeitia, I. (2008). “Repository 2.0: Social Dynamics to Support Community Building in Learning Object Repositories“. Interdisciplinary Journal of E-Learning and Learning Objects (formerly IJKLO), 4.
• Thomas, A. and Rothery, A. (2005). Online repositories for learning materials: the user perspective. Ariadne, 45. Available at: http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue45/thomas-rothery/
J. Minguillón EdReNe – 4th Strategic Seminar, March 24th - March 26th 2010, Barcelona, Spain
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Thank you!
• Contact information:
Julià Minguilló[email protected]
CC-BY-NC-SAhttp://www.slideshare.net/jminguillona
J. Minguillón EdReNe – 4th Strategic Seminar, March 24th - March 26th 2010, Barcelona, Spain