learning objectives - embryology lecture 2
TRANSCRIPT
Embryology – Lecture 2
I.
Second week of development
A.
Bilaminar embryonic disc
1.
Trophectoderm cells rapidly proliferate and will form the placenta
2. Fluid accumulates between cells of inner cell mass – forms amniotic
cavity
a. Roof of amniotic cavity (Amnion) is derived from inner cell mass
b.
Reminder of inner cell mass partitioned into two cell layers =
“Bilaminar embryonic disc”
i.
Epiblast – cells that face amniotic cavity
ii.
Hypoblast – cells that face the yolk sac
3. Embryo – derived almost completely from epiblast layer
a.
Hypoblast and amnion become extraembryonic tissue
b. Cells from hypoblast migrate to encircle blastocyst cavity –
renamed yolk sac cavity
4. Yolk sac – several functions in metabolism and embryo/maternal
transport
a. Ultimately regresses
B.
Chorionic cavity
1. Epiblast cells proliferate and some migrate between yolk sac and
trophectoderm extraembryonic mesoderm and won’t contribute to
mature embryo
2.
Chorionic cavity forms between layers of extraembryonic mesoderm and
almost completely encloses embryonic dis, yolk sac, and amnion
a. Primary yolk sac is pinched off into a smaller secondary yolk sac
b.
Connecting stalk - Small amount of tissue which connect
embryonic disc0amnion-yolk sac to the outer trophectoderm
though the chorionic cavity
i. Will become umbilical cord
3.
Midgestation, as fetus becomes larger, chorionic cavity is obliterated and
the amnionic and chorionic membranes become fused
a.
Fetus then surrounded y amniotic fluid
C.
Twinning
1. Fraternal (dizygotic) twins arise when two eggs are released and both
fertilized and implant
a. Each twin surrounded by its own amnion and by its own chorion
b.
If implant near each other, chorions and placentas may fuse
together along their common edge
2.
Identical arise from single fertilized egg
a. Majority involves subdivision of inner cell mass
i.
Common trophectoderm and chorion encloses both twins
at a single implantations site with a single placenta
Each twin enclosed in separate amnion
b. Minority arise from complete splitting of embryo into two
independent blastocysts, which implant independently
3. Conjoined twins occur when IC splits only partially
II.
Gastrulation
A. During third week, Bilaminar embryonic disc converted into trilaminar disc by
formation of the three definitive germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, an
endoderm)
1.
All three layers derived by proliferation and migration of cells from
epiblast
2.
First wave of migration, cells from epiblast migrate ventrally and
displace hypoblast cells from dorsal surface of the yolk sac – endoderm
3.
Secondary wave of migration 0 cells from epiblast migrate between the
epiblast and the endoderm to form the mesoderm
4.
Remainder of epiblast is now called the ectoderm
B.
Occurs at the embryonic midline
1. Morphology of midline cells as they ingress is different than those in
more lateral position
2. PRIMITIVE streak – depression on the surface of the embryo that is the
location of the ingression
C. Two sides where mesoderm does not penetrate between ectoderm and
endoderm
1. Oropharyngeal membrane at the anterior end of the embryo – position of
future mouth
2. Cloacal membrane at the caudal end marks position of future anus
3.
Direct transition for ectoderm to endoderm and a corresponding
transition in vascular and nerve supply
III.
Neurulation
A.
Notochord – longitudinal midline of the embryo, condensation of mesoderm
1. Responsible for direction the inductive events which cause the overlying
ectoderm to become the neural plate, which will give rise to CNS
2. 18th day of development, groove forms in he midline of the neural plate
to delimit neural folds
3. Neural folds end towards each other and fuse to create neural tube
4.
Neural tube fuses first in the middle of the embryo by the end of the 3
week and progresses cranially and caudally becoming fully closed by end
of the 4th week
5.
Once closed, neutral tube becomes stratified into dorsal and ventral
regions which will generate sensory and motor neurons
IV.
Neural crest
A. Transient population of cells which originate from the dorsal most portion of
the neural folds
B. Cells migrate away from closing neural tube as single cells and contribute to
variety of structure
1. Nervous system derivatives
a.
Peripheral nervous system derives from neural crest including
dorsal root ganglia, portions of cranial nerves and sensory
neurons
b.
Schwann cells and portions of the meninges of he brain and SC
2.
Craniofacial derivatives
a.
Cranial bones, portions of teeth, vascular smooth muscle
3. Pigment cells throughout body
4.
Chromaffin cells in the medullary layer of adrenal gland
5. Smooth muscle in the cardiovascular outflow region
C. Neural crest derived from ectoderm via the neural plate
V.
Neural tube closure defects
A.
Spina bifida – failure of the halves of the vertebral arches to develop fully and
fuse along the midline (sacral and lumbar regions)
1. Most severe forms occur because of failure of neural tube to close in
caudal region of embryo during 4th week of development
2. Also results from later failure in vertebral development
B.
Anencephaly –failure of cranial neural folds to fuse
1. Embryonic brain remains exposed to surrounding amniotic fluid and
degenerates
2.
Face is derived from neural crest and not neural folds themselves, the
faces in such embryos are approximately normal though they lack most
of the head