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Page 1: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic
Page 2: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

• Students will understand the basic structure of the earth

– The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic core, and a layer called the mantle between the crust and core that is very hot and partially melted. (6-8 ES2E).

– The crust is composed of huge crustal plates on the scale of continents and oceans, which move centimeters per year, pushed by convection in the upper mantle, causing earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains. (6-8 ES2F).

Page 3: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

Looking at the world map, Looking at the world map, what do you notice about the what do you notice about the

shape of the continents?shape of the continents?

Jot down your ideas on your paper…

Page 4: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

The thing is…the world didn’t The thing is…the world didn’t always look like this! It used to always look like this! It used to

look like this:look like this:

Page 5: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

How is this possible?!?!?How is this possible?!?!?

Geological Changes—3:25

Page 6: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

The lithosphere is divided into a number of large and small plates and the plates are floating on the mantle

Plate Tectonics TheoryPlate Tectonics Theory

Page 7: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

Lithosphere = the Earth’s crust plus the upper portion of the mantle layer

Page 8: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic
Page 9: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

Earth’s Structure by Brainpop

Page 10: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic
Page 11: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic
Page 12: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

Plate BoundariesPlate Boundaries

Divergent boundary: Divergent boundary: o Plates are moving away from

each othero Midocean ridges are created

and new ocean floor plates are created

Page 13: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

Plate BoundariesPlate Boundaries

Divergent boundary: Divergent boundary:

Page 14: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic
Page 15: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

Leif the Lucky Bridge Bridge between continents in Reykjanes peninsula, southwest Iceland across the Alfagja rift valley, the boundary of the Eurasian and North American continental tectonic plates.

Page 16: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

Convergent BoundaryConvergent Boundary: plates are moving toward each other and are colliding (3 types)

Page 17: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

• Create subduction zones,

• Trenches• Create near Create near

coast coast volcanoesvolcanoes

When Ocean Plates collide with When Ocean Plates collide with Continental PlatesContinental Plates

Page 18: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

• Benioff shear zones (a pattern of earthquakes as an ocean plate grinds down the underneath side of a

continent)

When Ocean Plates collide with When Ocean Plates collide with Continental PlatesContinental Plates

Page 19: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic
Page 20: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

When ocean plates collide with When ocean plates collide with other ocean platesother ocean plates

Island arcs are created (a pattern of volcanic islands created from a subduction zone that is located off the coast)

Page 21: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic
Page 22: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic
Page 23: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

What About Hawaii?What About Hawaii?

• Do you see any plate boundaries there??

Hawaii

Page 24: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

What About Hawaii?What About Hawaii?

• Hawaiian Volcanoes form from HOT HOT SPOTSSPOTS

• (places where (places where the mantle is the mantle is hotter than hotter than others…we’re others…we’re not sure why)not sure why)

Page 25: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

• MountainMountain rangesranges are created

• (example: Himalayan Mountains)

When a continental plate collides When a continental plate collides with another continental platewith another continental plate

Page 26: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

Himalayan MountainsHimalayan Mountains

Mountains 2:46

Page 27: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

Transform Fault BoundaryTransform Fault Boundary

Plates are neither moving toward nor away from each other, they are moving past one another.

Page 28: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

Transform Fault BoundaryTransform Fault Boundary

The plates may move in opposite directions or in the same directions but at different rates and frequent earthquakes are created (example: San Andreas FaultSan Andreas Fault)

Page 29: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

San Andreas FaultSan Andreas Fault

Page 30: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

NOTE: o Plates are destroyed as fast as

they are created (2 ways)

o Plates may be subducted and melted or may push be pushed upward to form mountains

Why is Earth not getting bigger Why is Earth not getting bigger or smaller?or smaller?

Page 31: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

Boundaries Between Tectonic Plates—1:23

Page 32: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

How can Oreos model the plate boundaries?How can Oreos model the plate boundaries?

Very carefully, take just the top cookie off the Oreo.

Break the top cookie into 2 equal halves.Replace the cookie halves back on the OreoUsing the cookie, Demonstrate a transformtransform fault boundaryDemonstrate a divergentdivergent plate boundaryDemonstrate a convergentconvergent plate boundary

Page 33: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic
Page 34: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

• Students will understand that the surface of Earth changes over millions of years.– Our understanding of Earth history is based on the assumption

that processes we see today are similar to those that occurred in the past. (6-8 ES3A)

– Thousands of layers of sedimentary rock provide evidence that allows us to determine the age of Earth’s changing surface and to estimate the age of fossils found in the rocks. (6-8 ES3B)

– In most locations sedimentary rocks are in horizontal formations with the oldest layers on the bottom. However, in some locations, rock layers are folded, tipped, or even inverted, providing evidence of geologic events in the distant past. (6-8 ES3C)

Page 35: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic
Page 36: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

Seafloor Spreading Theory:

• Ocean floors are moving like broad conveyor belts

Page 37: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

• New ocean floor crust is being created at the midocean ridges

Page 38: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

Convection currents within the mantle

The up-welling leg of the current creates a divergent boundary which produces midocean ridges

What causes this?What causes this?

Page 39: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic
Page 40: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

Convection CurrentsConvection Currents

Page 41: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

Convection Current Demo

Page 42: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

The down-welling leg of the current creates one type of convergent boundary that results in trenches and a subduction zone

Page 43: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic
Page 44: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

o Midocean ridges are warmer than surrounding ocean floors

o Active volcanoes on ridges, earthquakes on ridges

o Midocean ridge rocks are younger than surrounding ocean floor rocks

o Midocean ridge volcanoes are younger than volcanoes further away

What evidence do we have to What evidence do we have to support this idea?support this idea?

Page 45: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

o Ocean floor sediments are THINNER on the ridges and get THICKERTHICKER as the distance from the ridges increase

o Polar reversal magnetismPolar reversal magnetism proves that the ocean floor is moving away from the ridges

What evidence do we have to What evidence do we have to support this idea?support this idea?

Page 46: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic
Page 47: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

Polar Reversal MagnetismPolar Reversal Magnetism

Magnetic Poles Magnetic Field Reversals—2:54

Page 48: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

Atlantic Ocean – 2-3 2-3 cm/year

South Pacific Ocean – 15-1815-18 cm/year

Speed of SpreadingSpeed of Spreading

Page 49: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

The Seafloor is Spreading Clip—4:01

How Earth’s Structure Affects Plate Tectonics—5:43

Seafloor SpreadingSeafloor Spreading

Page 50: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

Distribution of Volcanoes & EarthquakesDistribution of Volcanoes & Earthquakes

Page 51: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic
Page 52: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

The continents have shifted their position over geologic time…

Continental Drift TheoryContinental Drift Theory

Page 53: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

…And at one time all land masses were connected into one piece called Pangaea

Continental Drift Theory 3—2:21

Page 54: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

o Pangaea began to split apart 200 million years ago

o DiagramNorth America

Laurasia GreenlandEurasiaEurasia

PangaeaAfricaWest G. S.America

GondwanalandAntarctica

East G. AustraliaIndia

Pangaea—A History of the Continents: 2:23

Page 55: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

USGS Plate Motions Clip

Page 56: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

o The continents are like packages on the seafloor conveyor belt

ContinentsContinents

Page 57: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

o High percentage fit of continents at the 500 fathom level

EvidenceEvidence

Page 58: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

o Minerals, fossils, and mountains on now different continents match if the continents were together

EvidenceEvidence

The Mystery of Brachiosaurus (~3 min)

Page 59: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic
Page 60: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

o Glaciation patterns indicate a common ice cap at the South Pole

EvidenceEvidence

Page 61: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

o PaleomagnetismPaleomagnetism (magnetism of old rocks) indicate a common pole if the continents were all connected

EvidenceEvidence

Page 62: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

Bill Nye’s Great 100: Plate Tectonics 2 –4:22

Page 63: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

Plate Tectonics by Brainpop

1) What can be found underneath Earth’s plates?

2) What kind of boundary involves two plates moving toward each other?

3) What process can explain why we see fossils of the same prehistoric animals on DIFFERENT continents?

Page 64: Learning Objectives Students will understand the basic structure of the earth –The solid Earth is composed of a relatively thin crust, a dense metallic

Pacific Ring of FirePacific Ring of Fire


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Plate Boundaries. Types of Crust Continental Crust Less dense granite Oceanic Crust More dense basalt

Litoshpere..Crust & Rigid upper mantle Astenosphere – weak and capable of flow Oceanic and Continental crust Oceanic – 6-12 km thick, dense heavy, basalt,

Chapter 2 Geography€¦ · •Mantle: Middle layer –Thick hot layer of dense rock •Crust: Outer layer –Rocky shell forming the surface of the earth. –Broken into plates that

Earth Structure. CRUST MANTLE CORE MANTLE CORE CRUST CONTINENTAL CRUST OCEANIC CRUST Peridotite (olivine & augite) Mohorovivic Discontinuity (Moho)

The Dynamic Crust - NMS EARTH SCIENCE

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Web view-Know that rocks are made up of pure compounds called minerals, ... the earth's crust, ... -At the center of the earth is hot, dense inner core of solid iron and nickel

Structure of Earth Chapter 2. Most simply The earth is layered & density stratified 1.Crust – cold, rigid, thin 2.Mantle – warmer, more dense; outer part

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Structure of the Earth Not so solid Earth. The Earth has three levels: Core, Mantle, Crust

The four terrestrial planets all have similar internal features: Dense, metallic core Less dense, solid/plastic mantle Low-density, solid crust

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Copyright © 2007 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 1 Continental Crust Thicker Less dense Older (up to 4 billion) vs Oceanic Crust Thinner More dense Younger

Earth and Space Science: Earth’s Crust Appendix

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