learning outcomes upon completion of this training one should be able to: identify the influence of...
TRANSCRIPT
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Learning Outcomes
Upon completion of this training one should be able to:
•Identify the influence of codes on pump & hydronic design
•Understand HVAC loads & their impact on equipment selection
•Compare hydronic HVAC system types & pipe configurations
•Determine appropriate applications for variable speed pumps
•Utilize life cycle cost economics to justify the use of variable speed pumps in both new and renovated systems
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Overview
• Building energy use & related energy codes
• HVAC load calculations• HVAC system applications• Service hot water
applications• Economics• Specifications• Obstacles to adoption
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Building Energy Use & Related Energy Codes
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Why Design Sustainably Conscious Buildings?In 2010, the DOE approximated that U.S. buildings accounted for:
• 41% of total energy use• 74% of electric consumption• 40% of CO2 emissions• 12% of potable water use
• By 2025, it is projected that buildingswill be the largest consumers of global energy – greater than transportation and industry combined.
http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/index.cfm#consumption
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Why Design Sustainably Conscious Buildings?
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2012 Department of Energy, Building Energy Data Book
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Commercial Energy End-Use
2006 U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) 6
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Future Building Market
• Existing U.S. building stock is ~275 billion ft2
• Over next 30 years:• 52 billion ft2 will be demolished• 150 billion ft2 will be remodeled• 150 billion ft2 will be new construction
• By 2035, approximately 75% of U.S. building stock will be new or renovated
7Energy Information Administration, Courtesy of Architecture 2030
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Energy Codes & Standards
International Code Series – Jurisdictions Adopt
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Energy Codes & Standards
ASHRAE Standards – Designer Reference
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Energy Codes - Commercial
ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2010
• Significant changes compared with 2007
• Continuous maintenance publishing every 3 years
• ~30% increase in building performance from 2004 version
• Consensus based document
• Cost justification required
• Only addresses energy 10
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Energy Codes - Commercial
ANSI/ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1-2011
• Builds on ASHRAE Standard 90.1• Does not require cost justification• Addresses design & operation
‒Site Sustainability‒Water use Efficiency‒Energy Efficiency‒Indoor Environmental Quality‒Environmental Impact‒Construction & Operation
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ASHRAE Standard 189.1-2011
• Does not specifically address pumps or hydronic systems
• If criteria is not defined in ASHRAE Standard 189.1, then ASHRAE Standard 90.1 is the referenced minimum code
• Includes requirements for the measurement of energy consumption using meters
‒Enhances the potential for building audits
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Auditing
• Audit levels I, II, III defined by ASHRAE• Benchmarking – Energy Star portfolio• Meter requirement in ASHRAE Standard 189.1 or LEED
• LEED - 3 points from Performance Measurement• Push for benchmarking and auditing
‒ San Francisco‒ New York
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Energy Star Portfolio Manager
• Online energy management tool created by U.S. EPA • Tracks and assesses energy and water consumption across a portfolio of buildings
• Used by more than 200,000 commercial • Advantages to a building owner:
‒ Benchmark energy use‒ Determine energy-use intensity (kBTU/ft2) ‒ Track changes in energy and water use over ‒ Compare against national sample of similar buildings
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ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 Pump Applications
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ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 Scope• Applies to all buildings
‒ New construction‒ Additions to existing facilities‒ New & replacement equipment / components‒ Excludes residential buildings <3 stories in height
• Defines the minimum efficiency requirements
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ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 Structure• Multiple sections: Envelope, HVAC, Service Water Heating, Power, Lighting, & Other Equipment
• Mandatory Provisions• Prescriptive Path or Energy Cost Budget (ECB)• Appendices (Normative)
‒ A Assembly U-, C-, and F-Factor Determination‒ B Building Envelope Climate Criteria‒ C Envelope Trade-Off Methodology‒ D Climate Data
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ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 Section 6
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Section 6 HVAC
6.1 General
6.2 Definition of Compliance
6.4 Mandatory Provisions
6.3 SimplifiedApproach
6.5 Prescriptive
Path6.7 Submittals
Section 11 ECB
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ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 Section 6
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Section 6 HVAC
6.1 General
6.2 Definition of Compliance
6.4 Mandatory Provisions
6.3 SimplifiedApproach
6.5 Prescriptive
Path6.7 Submittals
Section 11 ECB
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ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 Section 6
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Section 6 HVAC
6.1 General
6.2 Definition of Compliance
6.4 Mandatory Provisions
6.3 SimplifiedApproach
6.5 Prescriptive
Path6.7 Submittals
Section 11 ECB
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ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 Section 6
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Section 6 HVAC
6.1 General
6.2 Definition of Compliance
6.4 Mandatory Provisions
6.3 SimplifiedApproach
6.5 Prescriptive
Path6.7 Submittals
Section 11 ECB
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ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 Mandatory• Section 6.4 Primary topics include efficiencies and controls
• Section 6.4.1 Equipment Efficiencies‒ No specified efficiencies for pumps
‒ Pump efficiencies are being developed
‒ No defined criteria for pump selection
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ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 Mandatory• Section 6.4.2 Calculations
‒ Design load calculations for heating and cooling
‒ Pump head calculation for the purpose of pump sizing
‒ Determined in accordance with generally accepted engineering standards and handbooks
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ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 Mandatory• 6.4.3 Controls
• 6.4.4 HVAC System Construction and Insulation
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ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 Prescriptive Path• 6.5 Prescriptive Path• 6.5.1 Economizers• 6.5.1.2 Water Economizer
‒ Required for specific OA temperature and humidity
• 6.5.1.2.2 Maximum Pressure Drop< 15’ head for pre-cooling coils and water to water heat exchanger
≥ 15’ head secondary loop required so this pressure drop is not seen by the circulating pump
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Water Cooled Chiller Piping
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Return
Supply
CoolingTower
Evaporator
Condenser
Primary Pump
Secondary Pump
CondenserPump
Head PressureControl Valve
Loads
ChillerSediment andAir Separator
Air SeparatorAnd Exp Tank
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Water Cooled Chiller w/ Water Economizer
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Return
Supply
CoolingTower
Condenser
Primary Pump
Evaporator
Secondary Pump
CondenserPump
Head PressureControl Valve
Loads
Chiller
Heat ExchangerEconomizerCondenserPump
Chiller Operation
ValvePosition:Open
Sediment Separator
Air SeparatorAnd Exp Tank
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Water Cooled Chiller w/ Water Economizer
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Return
Supply
CoolingTower
Condenser
Primary Pump
Evaporator
Secondary Pump
CondenserPump
Loads
Chiller
Heat ExchangerEconomizerCondenserPump
Economizer Mode
ValvePosition:Closed
Sediment Separator
Air SeparatorAnd Exp Tank
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ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 Prescriptive Path• 6.5 Prescriptive Path• 6.5.1 Economizers• 6.5.1.2 Water Economizer
‒ Required for specific OA temperature and humidity
• 6.5.1.2.2 Maximum Pressure DropFeet of head for water to water heat exchanger< 15’ acceptable≥ 15’ head secondary loop required so this pressure drop is not seen by the circulating pump
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Water Cooled Chiller w/ Water Economizer
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Return
Supply
CoolingTower
Condenser
Primary Pump
Evaporator
Secondary Pump
CondenserPump
Loads
Chiller
Heat ExchangerEconomizerCondenserPump
Economizer Mode
ValvePosition:Closed
EconomizerChilled WaterPump
SedimentSeparator
Air SeparatorAnd Exp Tank
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ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 Prescriptive Path• 6.5.2 Simultaneous Heating and Cooling• 6.5.2.2 Hydronic Coils
‒ Cannot cool water previously heated‒ Cannot heat water previously cooled‒ Defines change over temperature / time‒ Prohibits 3 pipe system configuration
• Common return pipe
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ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 Prescriptive Path• 6.5.4 Hydronic System Design & Control• 6.5.4.1 Hydronic Variable Flow System
‒ Total pump system power > 10hp & control valves designed to modulate flow based on load
‒ Design variable fluid flow - reduce pump flow rate to ≤ 50% design flow rate
‒ Control shall be based on flow or min. differential pressure
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ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 Prescriptive Path• 6.5.4.1 Hydronic Variable Flow System (continued)
‒ CHW pump in variable flow system > 5hp, controls are required that will result in pump motor demand of ≤ 30% of design wattage at 50% of design water flow
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Acceptable Operating Range
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ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 Prescriptive Path• 6.5.4.2 Pump Isolation
‒ More than one Boiler/Chiller: need to be able to automatically reduce flow when a boiler or chiller is off
• 6.5.4.3 Chilled & Hot Water Temperature Reset Controls‒ Required when >300,000 BTUh system capacity unless variable flow is used to reduce pumping energy
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ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 Prescriptive Path• 6.5.4.4 Hydronic Heat Pump & Water Cooled AC• 6.5.4.4.2 Total pump system power > 5hp
‒ Controls to result in pump motor demand of not more than 30% of design wattage at 50% of design water flow.
‒ Based on variable speed drives
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ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 Prescriptive Path• 6.5.4.5 Pipe Sizing
‒ Variable flow allows smaller pipe sizes
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Pipe Sizing
• 6.5.4.5 Pipe Sizing‒ Variable flow allows smaller pipe sizes
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Pipe Sizing
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System CriteriaOperating hours: 1800 hrs/yrMax Flow: 200 GPM
Constant Flow SystemPipe size: 4” PipeHead Loss: 2.5’/100’Velocity: 5.5 fps
Variable Flow SystemPipe Size: 3” PipeHead Loss: 9’/100’Velocity: 9 fps
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ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 Submittals• 6.7 Submittals• 6.7.2.3 System Balancing• 6.7.2.3.3 Hydronic System Balancing
‒ 1st minimize throttling losses‒ 2nd trim impeller or adjust pump speed
• except when pump ≤ 10hp or throttling loss ≤ 5% of nameplate horsepower above that required if the impeller were trimmed
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ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010 Section 7• Section 7 – Service (domestic) Water Heating• 7.4.4.4 Circulating Pump Controls
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Building Rating / Certification
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Building Rating / Certification
Typically owner driven – NOT code•Domestic Building Rating Systems
‒ LEED‒ Energy Star‒ Building EQ‒ Green Globes
•International Building Rating System‒ BREEAM
•Pull the design market‒ progressive compared to the push of
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Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)™• Developed by the U.S. Green Building Council
• Rating system for buildings
• Sustainable site development
• Water savings
• Energy efficiency
• Material selection
• Indoor environmental quality
• Points / Credit System – Platinum, Gold, Silver, & Certified
• Third-party verification
• Accredited Professionals 43
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Energy Star
• Developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
• Calculations are based on source energy• Label based on building energy us
• 50 indicates average energy performance• 75 or better indicates top performance
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Building Energy Quotient (bEQ)
• Developed by ASHRAE• Newest of the rating systems• Label based on building energy
use• Design performance• Operation performance• Requires an ASHRAE-certified Building Energy Assessment Professional
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Green Globes
• Developed by Energy and Environment Canada• Third-party verification• Four levels of ratings
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HVAC Load Calculations
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Building Loads
• Heating and cooling load calculations performed as required per ASHRAE Standard 90.1 Section 6 HVAC
• Important to minimize over-sizing and maximizing efficiency
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Purpose of Loads
• Load used to select system and size equipment• Size of the system limits equipment options
Example: Small water cooled chillers not readily available
• Other factors also influence the system selection: ‒ Owner priorities‒ Space availability‒ Acoustics‒ Exterior equipment restrictions‒ Etc.
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Load Calculation
• Software often used to perform the analysis because of the complexity
• Goal of the calculation is to establish the peak load experienced by the building
• Complexity is a result of the many variables that must be considered
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Load Calculation
• Heating• Cooling
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Load Calculations
• Items accounted for in a peak load calculation• Weather conditions • Envelope (walls, floors, windows, roof, etc.)• Thermostat set point (summer vs. winter)
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Climate Zones
Marine (C) Moist (A)Dry (B)
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Cooling Loads
• Loads considered specific to cooling‒ Internal loads (people, equipment, lights, plug
loads)‒ Time of day and orientation (sun position)
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Heating Loads
• Heating peak load does not include the heat gain from sun and internal loads
• Worst case for heating occurs at night‒ No sun, people, or equipment loads
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Building Examples
1. Multi-use Facility2. Medical Office Building3. Hospital4. Campus w/ central plant
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3
2
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Multi-use Facility
• Occupancy – 140 persons• 6 a.m. – 6 p.m. Monday - Friday
• Building Characteristics• Single story• 20,000 square feet (250’ x 80’)• Standard construction
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Medical Office Building
• Occupancy – 400 persons• 8 a.m. – 5 p.m. Monday - Friday
• Building Characteristics• Three stories• 40,000 square feet (200’ x 200’)/floor• Standard construction
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Hospital
• Occupancy – • Patient areas: 24 hours per day• Office areas: 8 a.m.– 5 p.m. Monday-Friday
• Building Characteristics:• Four story with basement• 140,000 square feet per floor• Standard construction
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Climate Zones
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Chicago
Houston
Anchorage
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Peak Loads
Heating
Cooling
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37%26%
47%10%
32%
Multi-use3%
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Operational Load
• Peak is a worst case moment in time• Many variable change even during a peak day
‒Change in outside temp from morning to night‒Fluctuation in occupancy ‒Equipment/Lighting loads are not consistent‒Changes in thermostat set points
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Operation vs Peak
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15% Over-sizedCooling
Design Heating Peak
Design Cooling Peak
Simultaneous Heating & Cooling
25% Over-sized Heating
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Over-sizing
• Result of conservative initial assumptions• Exaggerated by the idea that bigger is better• Belief that safety factors is needed to protect themselves from under-sizing the equipment
• Select components that are the next size larger to be ‘safe’ when between sizes
BIGGER IS NOT BETTER IN HVAC DESIGN!
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Conservative Design
Justification for over-sizing:• Systems may not be installed per the plans• Weather extremes will exceed the design values• Changes in number occupants, thermostat set points, equipment/lights, etc. from that initially defined
• Changes in operation i.e. control settings and/or sequenced altered from that in the specification
• Changes in operational characteristics as a result of maintenance (or lack there of) and age of the system
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Poor Design Practice
• Rules of thumb • Time / budget
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Better Design
• Designers do not always look at the part load operation when selecting and specifying equipment
• Redundancy is required on some projects (N+1)• May be good practice when not required
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Revised CoolingDesign Peak
Revised Heating Design Peak
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Impact of over-sizing
• Pumps must meet operational loads therefore affecting the position on the pump curve compared to the original (over-sized) selection
• Affects the pump efficiency
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