learning review flashcards for terms on the test
TRANSCRIPT
Learning Review
Flashcards for Terms on the Test
Definition
• The type of learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates others is called…
Answer
• Observational Learning
Definition
• A response that is natural, automatic, or not learned, is called a(n)…
Answer
• Unconditioned Response
Definition
• A(n) ___________ reinforcer increases the frequency of the behavior it follows when it is added to the environment.
Answer
• Positive Reinforcer
Definition
• The method of __________ involves exposing a person to a harmless stimulus until he or she is no longer afraid of it.
Answer
• Flooding
Definition
• On a ___________ schedule, reinforcements are provided only after a certain number of correct responses have been made.
Answer
• Fixed Ratio
Definition
• A type of stimulus that was formerly neutral and takes on new meaning by being associated with something else is called a(n)
Answer
• Conditioned Stimulus
Definition
• This kind of reinforcement occurs when a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs.
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• Continuous Reinforcement
Definition
• ___________ is the method of teaching complex behaviors by breaking them down into manageable parts.
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• Shaping
Definition
• A(n) ___________ reinforcer is learned and becomes effective by first being paired with such reinforcers as food and shelter.
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• Primary Reinforcer
Definition
• Reinforcements are applied with a set amount of time between them on a________ schedule.
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• Fixed Interval
Definition
• __________ is the learning that occurs while a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and it is repeated over and over. The initial learning of new response.
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• Acquisition
Definition
• Form of classical conditioning in which a food comes to be avoided
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• Taste Aversion
Definition
• This type of stimulus elicits a response not normally associated with it after being paired with an unconditional stimulus.
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• Conditioned Stimulus
Definition
• Form of learning by successive approximations. Used to teach animals tricks.
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• Shaping
Definition
• Act of responding in the same way to stimuli that seem similar. For example, a dog salivates to a bell and to a buzzer with a similar tone.
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• Generalization
Definition
• Elicits no response before conditioning
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• Neutral Stimulus
Definition
• Method of overcoming fears by pairing a pleasing stimulus with a feared one.
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• Counter conditioning
Definition
• A(n) ___________ reinforcer is desired because the animal learns to value it, like praise.
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• Secondary Reinforcer
Definition
• Method of overcoming fear that involves relaxation and gradual exposure to the feared stimulus
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• Systematic Desensitization
Definition
• Revival of an extinguished response when the unconditioned stimulus suddenly reappears.
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• Spontaneous Recovery
Definition
• Form of learning based on the consequences of actions
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• Operant Conditioning
Definition
• Act of responding differently to stimuli that are not similar. For example, a dog salivates to a bell but not a knock on the wooden door.
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• Descrimination
Definition
• When a conditioned response stops occurring because the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented
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• Extinction
Definition
• Reinforcement that encourages a behavior by meeting an organism's basic biological needs like food, water, or sex drive.
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• Primary Reinforcer
Definition
• A natural stimulus that causes an automatic response
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• Unconditioned Stimulus
Definition
• This person studied cats and came up with the “Law of Effect” that states that animals will repeat behaviors that are rewarded.
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• Thorndike
Definition
• This person conditioned Little Albert to be scared of white fury objects.
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• John Watson
Definition
• This person is the father of operant conditioning and believed that all animals learn through reinforcement and punishment.
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• B.F. Skinner
Definition
• This person’s experiment with rats showed that animals do think during classical conditioning because they need to predict the UCS is coming after the NS.
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• Robert Rescorla
Definition
• This person studied taste aversion in rats using flavored water with a drug that would make the rats sick.
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• John Garcia
Definition
• This person’s rat maze experiment where rats formed a cognitive map of the maze showed that animals learn without reinforcement demonstrating the concept of latent learning.
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• E.C. Tolman
Definition
• This person studied how children learned through observation in his famous Bobo Doll Experiment
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• Albert Bandura
Definition
• His experiment with dogs proved that animals can learn reflexive behaviors to unnatural stimuli.
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• Ivan Pavlov