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• Learning Styles https://store.theartofservice.com/the-learning-styles- toolkit.html

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Page 1: Learning Styles

• Learning Styles

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-learning-styles-toolkit.html

Page 2: Learning Styles

Collaborative method - Learning styles

1 For collaboration purposes, three

learning styles are typically identified:

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-learning-styles-toolkit.html

Page 3: Learning Styles

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator - Cognitive learning styles

1 The test is scored by evaluating each answer in terms of what it reveals about the taker. Each question is relevant to one of the following

cognitive learning styles. Each is not a polar opposite, but a gradual

continuum.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-learning-styles-toolkit.html

Page 4: Learning Styles

Visual thinking - Learning styles

1 The acknowledgement and application of different cognitive and

learning styles, including visual, kinesthetic, musical, mathematical

and verbal thinking styles, are a common part of many current

teacher training courses. Those who think in pictures have generally

claimed to be best at visual learning.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-learning-styles-toolkit.html

Page 5: Learning Styles

Mental image - Training and learning styles

1 Some Learning theory (education)|educational theorists have drawn

from the idea of mental imagery in their studies of learning styles

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Page 6: Learning Styles

Learning styles

1 'Learning styles' encompass a series of theories suggesting

systematic differences in individuals' natural or habitual pattern of

acquiring and processing information in learning situations. A core concept is that individuals differ in how they

learn. The idea of individualized learning styles originated in the

1970s, and has greatly influenced education.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-learning-styles-toolkit.html

Page 7: Learning Styles

Learning styles

1 Although there is ample evidence that individuals express preferences

for how they prefer to receive information, few studies have found

any validity in using learning styles in education

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-learning-styles-toolkit.html

Page 8: Learning Styles

Learning styles - David Kolb's model

1 These learning styles are as follows:

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-learning-styles-toolkit.html

Page 9: Learning Styles

Learning styles - Peter Honey and Alan Mumford's model

1 The Learning Styles Questionnaire, 80-

item version

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Page 10: Learning Styles

Learning styles - Peter Honey and Alan Mumford's model

1 A MORI survey commissioned by The Campaign for

Learninghttp://www.campaign-for-learning.org.uk in 1999 found the

Honey Mumford LSQ to be the most widely used system for assessing

preferred learning styles in the local government sector in the UK.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-learning-styles-toolkit.html

Page 11: Learning Styles

Learning styles - Anthony Gregorc's model

1 These perceptions in turn are the foundation of our specific learning

strengths, or learning styles.

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Page 12: Learning Styles

Learning styles - Neil Fleming's VAK/VARK model

1 categorizations of the various types of learning styles is Fleming's VARK

model (sometimes VAK) which expanded upon earlier Neuro-

linguistic programming (Representational systems (NLP)|

VARK) models:Thomas F

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-learning-styles-toolkit.html

Page 13: Learning Styles

Learning styles - Cognitive approach to learning styles

1 Anthony Grasha and Sheryl Reichmann, in 1974, formulated the Grasha-

Reichmann Learning Style Scale. It was developed to analyze the attitudes of

students and how they approach learning. The test was originally

designed for college students. Grasha's background is in cognitive processes and

coping techniques. The concepts of various learning styles are as follows:

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-learning-styles-toolkit.html

Page 14: Learning Styles

Learning styles - Cognitive approach to learning styles

1 Aiming to explain why aptitude tests, school grades, and classroom

performance often fail to identify real ability, Robert J. Sternberg listed various

cognitive dimensions in his book Thinking Styles (1997). Several other

models are also often used when researching learning styles. This includes

the Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and the DISC assessment.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-learning-styles-toolkit.html

Page 15: Learning Styles

Learning styles - A more recent evidence-based model of learning

1 PALS2: Pedagogically Adaptive Learning System based on Learning Styles

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-learning-styles-toolkit.html

Page 16: Learning Styles

Learning styles - NASSP Learning Style Model

1 Learning style is a gestalt that tells us how a student learns and prefers

to learn. Keefe (1979) says that: “Learning styles are characteristic

cognitive, affective, and physiological behaviors that serve as relatively stable indicators of how learners

perceive, interact with, and respond to the learning environment.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-learning-styles-toolkit.html

Page 17: Learning Styles

Learning styles - Learning Style Inventory

1 The Learning Style Inventory (LSI) is connected with Kolb's model and is used

to determine a student's learning style.Dunn, R, Dunn, K (1978). Teaching students through their individual learning styles: A practical approach. Reston, VA:

Reston Publishing Company. The LSI assesses an individual's preferences and needs regarding the learning process. It

does the following:

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-learning-styles-toolkit.html

Page 18: Learning Styles

Learning styles - Learning Style Inventory

1 6. Provides a class summary so students with similar learning styles can be grouped

together.

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Page 19: Learning Styles

Learning styles - Learning Style Inventory

1 A completely different Learning Styles Inventory is associated with a binary division of learning styles, developed by Felder and Silverman. In this model, learning styles are a balance between four pairs of extremes:

Active/Reflective, Sensing/Intuitive, Verbal/Visual and Sequential/Global.

Students receive four scores describing these balances. Like the LSI mentioned

above, this inventory provides overviews and synopses for teachers.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-learning-styles-toolkit.html

Page 20: Learning Styles

Learning styles - Other methods

1 Other methods (usually questionnaires) used to identify learning styles include Fleming's

VARK Learning Style Test, Jackson's Learning Styles Profiler (LSP), and the

Neuro-linguistic programming|NLP meta programs based iWAM

questionnaire. Many other tests have gathered popularity and various

levels of credibility among students and teachers.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-learning-styles-toolkit.html

Page 21: Learning Styles

Learning styles - Criticism

1 Guy Claxton has questioned the extent that learning styles such as

VARK are helpful, particularly as they can have a tendency to label children

and therefore restrict learning.

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Page 22: Learning Styles

Learning styles - Critique made by Coffield, et al.

1 Coffield's team found that none of the most popular learning style theories had been adequately validated through independent

research, leading to the conclusion that the idea of a learning cycle, the consistency of visual, auditory and

kinesthetic preferences and the value of matching teaching and learning styles were all highly

questionable.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-learning-styles-toolkit.html

Page 23: Learning Styles

Learning styles - Critique made by Coffield, et al.

1 One of the most widely known theories assessed by Coffield's team was the

learning styles model of Dunn and Dunn, a VAK model.Dunn, R., Dunn, K., Price, G. E. (1984). Learning style inventory. Lawrence,

KS, USA: Price Systems. This model is widely used in schools in the United States, and 177 articles have been published in peer-reviewed journals referring to this model. The conclusion of Coffield et al. was as

follows:https://store.theartofservice.com/the-learning-styles-toolkit.html

Page 24: Learning Styles

Learning styles - The critique regarding Kolb's model

1 # the claims it makes about the

four learning styles are extravagant;

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Page 25: Learning Styles

Learning styles - Other critiques

1 The Demos report said that the evidence for learning styles was

highly variable, and that practitioners were not by any means frank about

the evidence for their work

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-learning-styles-toolkit.html

Page 26: Learning Styles

Learning styles - 2009 APS critique

1 The panel concluded that an adequate evaluation of the learning

styles hypothesis—the idea that optimal learning demands that

students receive instruction tailored to their learning styles—requires a

particular kind of study

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Page 27: Learning Styles

Learning styles - 2009 APS critique

1 As disclosed in the report, the panel found that studies utilizing this essential research design were

virtually absent from the learning styles literature. In fact, the panel was able to find only a few studies

with this research design, and all but one of these studies were negative

findings—that is, they found that the same learning method was superior for all kinds of students (e.g., Massa

Mayer, 2006).

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-learning-styles-toolkit.html

Page 28: Learning Styles

Learning styles - 2009 APS critique

1 As a consequence, the panel concluded, at present, there is no adequate evidence base to justify

incorporating learning styles assessments into general

educational practice. Thus, limited education resources would better be

devoted to adopting other educational practices that have

strong evidence base, of which there are an increasing number.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-learning-styles-toolkit.html

Page 29: Learning Styles

Learning styles - 2009 APS critique

1 The Chronicle of Higher Education reported that Robert Sternberg from

Tufts University spoke out against the paper: Several of the most-cited researchers on learning styles, Mr

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Page 30: Learning Styles

Learning styles - Learning styles in the classroom

1 Although learning styles will inevitably differ among students in the classroom, Dunn and Dunn say that teachers should try to make

changes in their classroom that will be beneficial to every learning style

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Page 31: Learning Styles

Learning styles - Learning styles in the classroom

1 Differentiation through learning styles and memory

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Page 32: Learning Styles

Learning styles - Learning styles in the classroom

1 Methods for tactile/kinesthetic learners include hands-on activities

(experiments, etc.), projects, frequent breaks to allow movement, visual aids, role play, and field trips.

By using a variety of teaching methods from each of these categories, teachers cater to

different learning styles at once, and improve learning by challenging

students to learn in different ways.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-learning-styles-toolkit.html

Page 33: Learning Styles

Learning styles - Learning styles in the classroom

1 While significant age differences did occur, as well as no experimental

manipulation of classroom assignment, the findings do call into

question the aim of congruent teaching-learning styles in the

classroom.

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-learning-styles-toolkit.html