learning to cross boundaries in design by playing games
DESCRIPTION
This is the research that generated The Expansive Hospital game, a game a bout the conflicts of interest in designing a hospital.TRANSCRIPT
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Learning to cross boundaries in design by playing games
Frederick van Amstel, PhD Researcher
Construction Management & Engineering Dept.
Center for Visualization and Simulation in Construction VISICO
Use Anticipation in Product Design UAPD
How to engage healthcare professionals with architecture?
2Workshop about a new Medical Imaging Center.
Can games support designing together?
3Second workshop for a new Medical Imaging Center.
Expansive design: activity and spatial expansions
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Organizations need to learn how to work in this way
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Including healthcare professionals in design and vice-versa:
including architects in healthcare activities
Prioritizing care performance (a.k.a. patient-centered design)
Adopting integrated contracts
Using collaborative technologies
Learning cannot be promoted top-down because there is no
clear hierarchy among the organizations involved
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Expansive learning theory (horizontal, bottom-up)
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Instruments
ObjectSubject
Rules Community Division of labor
Outcome
Yrjö Engeström, 2001, p.136
Two ways of connecting activities
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Outcome
Object
Shared object
The object is co-produced
simultaneously by two or more
activities.
The outcome of one activity
becomes the object for
another.
Yrjö Engeström, 2001, p.136
Use value
XExchange
value
Contradiction in the object
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Outcome
Object
Shared object
When prioritizing use value,
there is a higher chance of
expansive learning.
Yrjö Engeström, 2001, p.136
Use value
XExchange
value
When prioritizing exchange
value, there is little chance of
expansive learning.
Addition to the theory: boundaries emerge from the
contradiction between exchange value and use value
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Outcome
Object
Shared object
Henri Lefebvre, 1991
It is very difficult to apply this framework to a construction
project because there are too many activities involved
11Elderly housing project studied in Glanebrug
Architecture studio
Hydraulic
engineering
Electrical
engineering Facility
management
Contractor
Engineering
company
Engineering
company
Structural
engineering
Engineering
company
Elderly care
Construction
management
Building
Sub-contractor
Architectural
design
Model
management
Information
technology
company Elderly housing
Structural
engineering
counseling
Engineering
company
Experimental setting using a board game
12The Expansive Hospital
• Induced boundaries
among civil engineering
bachelor students
• Simulate long processes
(25 years in 2 hours)
• Highlight the
consequences of
player’s actions
Double stimulation experimental method
Based on Engeström (2011) 13
Stimulus
(game)
Response
(learning)
Stimulus 1
(contradiction)Refraction
(contradiction)
Stimulus 2
(game tools)
Double stimulation
Learning as
a process
Single-stimulation
Introduction to the game
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Game plot: a hospital under constant expansion
15Ziekenhuis Ziekenzorg Enschede, 1955
Game plot: a hospital under constant expansion
16Medisch Spectrum Twente, 2013
Game roles and their interests
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Money flow
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Player’s accounts
Money goes first to the
hospital, then to players.
Insurance bank
Hospital Account
Construction rules
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Building block
Pipe tile Avoid clashesEntry points
Requirements
Healthcare rules
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Patient cards Patient walking to
receive treatmentIncome
Information strategies
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Players must keep information,
since it gets easily lost.
Contract types
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Traditional Fast-track Integrated
Moderating the construction guys.
Experiment results
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A lot of fun!
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Group that crossed boundaries for use value
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Sum of final incomes: 9905
Nurse
Facility manager
Director Architect
Engineer
Contractor
Patients Design
Profitable hospital
Integrated facilities
Group that crossed boundaries for exchange value
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Sum of final incomes: 1860
Nurse
Facility manager
Director
Patients in the queue
Purchased blocks
Credibility rating
Architect
Engineer
Contractor Useless building
Income
What students learn from playing the game
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Even if you know and
agree you should
collaborate it is still
hard to give up your
own interests.
Collaboration is a
problem that cannot be
solved by structuring the
process with contracts,
methods, or tools.
Expansive design: activity and spatial expansions
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Conclusions
Boundaries cannot be eliminated by strategies of integration
Collaboration is a free choice
Players begin to collaborate when they realize the use value of
their work
Promoting use value raises motivation for collaboration
Games can stimulate critical thinking
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My Research Interests
Participatory Design
Activity Theory
Frederick van Amstel [email protected]
Twitter @fredvanamstel
http://fredvanamstel.com