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Learning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSDAnthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

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Page 1: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

Learning to Point in Zinacantán

John B. Haviland

UCSD‐Anthropology

CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

Page 2: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

Sketch

• One anthropologist’s view of “development”

• Language, gesture, culture

• The semiotics of pointing

• My goddaughter learns to point

• Acquisition and (vs.?) socialization

Page 3: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

Tzotzilandia

MEXICO

Mexico City

Guadalajara

AcapulcoCHIAPAS

Page 4: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

Zinacantán, Chiapas, MéxicoTzotzil (Mayan), ~300K++ speakers

Page 5: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007
Page 6: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

What is the “unit” of development?• An anthropologist in the wild 

– compare Quine, Cook; – what are “the data”?

• Genes, cells, brains, kids, kids & caretakers….• Language inherently designed for “face to face interaction” (ergo, multiple faces)– “Person” systems (1, 2, 3…)– Language as paradigmatic locus of the supraindividual

• Bakhtin – ‘voice’ • Goffman – ‘participation, footing’• H. Clark – ‘joint action’  • Simon Kirby – ‘iterative learning’• Emergent sign languages (Nicaragua, Berber, Yucatán…)

Page 7: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

Gesture and speech• Thorough mutual integration

– Synchrony– Semantic complementarity– Speaker’s and hearer’s phenomena

• Part of the cultural “target” for language acquisition– Geography of gesture (“emblems”) (Morris et al.)

– Comparative gesture “styles” (Kendon)

• Cultural/language specific gestural imagery– Tweetie Bird cartoons– Mayan positionals

Page 8: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

Culture & semiosis

• “Culture”: perception, parsing, and signification

• One Peircean trichotomy of signs– Icon = similarity

– Index = contiguity

– Symbol = convention 

• NB: the public, shared (or sharable), and “symbolic” nature of all culture

• The central problem of social science

Page 9: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

Referential gestures

• Pointing as ontologically primordial referential device

• Linguistic expressions which “typicallyrequire” gestural “supplementation”

• But: – Wittgenstein’s signpost– Gaze, lips, fingers, and conventions

Page 10: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

Semiotics of pointing

• Complex indexicality: cardinal directions

• Cultural history: pointing at absent entities

• Trichotomous pointing

Page 11: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

Absolute orientation: “east..”

Page 12: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

Where is he pointing?

Page 13: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

“Local space”

Page 14: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

K’av‐te`: descriptions and demonstrations

Video 1990, Maya K. D. Haviland

Page 15: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

Made a hole

5 oy . ix.ch'o:jbe sat xi to vi

• They had made a hole like this.

Page 16: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

Stuck in, both of them

• 7 p; te matz'al xchibal li te` xi to vi

• Both of the pieces of wood were stuck in this way.

Page 17: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

Language development in Zinacantán

Infants from the Tzotzil speaking Indian community of Zinacantán, Chiapas, Mexico, are incorporated into communicative routines from the moment of birth (when they are addressed directly by the attending midwife).  

From an early age they are seen as volitional if limited interlocutors, capable of using developing bodily, gestural, and linguistic abilities to communicate with others in their expanding social universes.

Their earliest gestures and actions are glossed with the metapragmatic presentational –chi  ‘say, go, be like, be all.’  (Cf. John Lucy, 1993.)

Page 18: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

Longitudinal studies by Lourdes de León (CIESAS, México)

Lourdes de León Pasquel  20005.  La llegada del alma: lenguaje, infancia y socialización entre los mayas de Zinacantán.  México: CIESAS: INAH.

Page 19: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

Preliminary example: gesture and words in complex interaction

• 18 months: M musters a complex act of reference and predication, with a pointing gesture (to an apparently absent referent) plus a “single word” me` ‘mother.’

Page 20: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

The interaction transcribedt; muc'u van bat ta si`bejl; oy la jun me`el anz xi

ja` la ba xci`inm; me`l; bat lame`t; bat lame`m; ja`t; ja`?l; ba sa` xim; xi`l; si`t; ba sa` si`l; ((ja ja ja))t; ((ja ja ja))j; ba sa` si` xit; lek xa ka xlok' yu`unl; ba sa` si` xi unt; ba la sa` si`

batik vo`otebatik xa vo`ote

m; mm

Who went to the forest?There’s an old woman.They went to accompany her.ME`.Did your mother go?Did your mother go?JA`Yes?She said “look for”XI`“Firewood”She went to find firewood.((laughs))((laughs))“She went to find firewood,” she says.So, she pronounces well.“She went to find firewood,” she says, indeed.She went to find firewood according to her.Let’s go.Let’s you and I go.MM.

Page 21: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

Once more in Tzotzil

Page 22: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

Some linguistic features of gesture

• According to the gloss, the gesture provides the predicate (“went”). 

• The gesture has a conventional form (with the index finger) plus a meaningful direction.  

• Thus: it is abstract, conventionalized, and meaningfully indexical

Page 23: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

5 months – movements interpretedas deliberate communications

• At 5 months, Mal’s reaching, attending, and manipulating are metapragmatically interpreted.

Page 24: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

• Mal’s reaching gestures, at 8 months, are apparently deliberate and communicative; they elicit glosses and responses. 

Deliberate reaching

Page 25: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

9 months: stylized “reaching”

• At 9 months, with increased mobility, her reaching is more stylized, a kind of proto‐pointing, since it is apparent that she cannot reach the desired object.  

Page 26: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

True pointing and play– 11 months

• Mal, at 11 months, makes well‐formed index finger points to evident referents.  Sometimes she accompanies her motions with vocalizations.

Page 27: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

Routines of pointing and showing

• She also (at 11 months) incorporates pointing into play routines, toying with a cat, or intentionally calling her interlocutor’s attention.

Page 28: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

Games of mutual perception: interactive and abstract pointing

• Mal, at 13 months, uses pointing to call the attention of third parties to unnoticed referents, or socially significant aspects of a situation.

• At 16‐18 months, she is able to “point” at absent, non‐visible (but audible) distant referents –a truck announcing wares for sale, the arrival of a visitor.  .

16 months 13 months 18 months

Page 29: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

The pragmatics of pointing

• At 13 months, Mal can use pointing for more complex pragmatic effects—for example, “narrating” a fall, pointing to where she fell with a vocalization (and grimace), perhaps feigning a cry of pain.

Page 30: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

• Mal, at 16 months, uses pointing to “request” her interlocutor to offer the other sandal.  (She also shows that she comprehends  pointing pragmatically.) 

• She calls for her mother, combining a word (me` ‘mother’) with a point.

Gestural requests

Page 31: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

Pointing as accusation

• Mal, at 16 months, also uses pointing to allocate blame.

• Her playmate Isabel has pushed her down, and as she wails, she points an accusing finger.

Page 32: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

Mal uses multimodal deictics 

• By 18 months, Mal’s vocabulary includes demonstratives which ordinarily occur with deictic gestures. 

• When I ask her where she will put the bottle she is carrying, or where the baby chicks are, she responds with a distal taj “over there [perceptually inaccessible].”

Page 33: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

Pointing to signal intention and desire

• With limited mobility, at 18 months, Mal can express intention and desirewhich exceed her physical and verbal capabilities, by pointing interactively. 

• Such signs combine vocalization withother communicative gestures (e.g., hitting someone).  

Page 34: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

Declaratives with gestures built‐in: incipient syntax?

• By 18 months, Mal can “characterize” a situation.  Hearing a cry, she “describes” ho a neighbor’s baby (nene`) ‘wants something’ with a gesture (indicating the location of the baby) plus a word (titi` ‘meat’).

Page 35: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

Pragmatic and participatory skills: multi‐modal commands

• Lupa, at 20 months, is able to issue a “baby talk” command coupled with deictic gestures.

• She coordinates appropriate speech (bebex‘sit’) with gesture  (“there”) showing both pragmatic competence, and interpersonal involvement with her interlocutors.

Page 36: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

The ethnographic context of socialization into communicative

competence• Zinacantecs treat infants as volitional interloctors–

as potential “participants”—from  the very start of life.

• They actively socialize them for gestural‐linguistic interaction.  

• The contexts of emerging development are public,  interactive, and intersubjective.

• But gradually, gestural/spoken routines give way to speech  

Page 37: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

There is no distinction betweengesture and speech as 

communicative modalities in pragmatic development

• Bodily movements, from very early in life, as interpreted and glossed in the same way as vocalizations.  

• Zinacantec ethnopragmatics does not privilege a verbal channel, buit isntead considers gestures and other bodily expressions as reportable “sayings.”

• The normal linguistic criteria of morphology (form) can be applied equally to gestures as to words:  Saussurian “arbitrariness,” perhaps combinatorial syntax.

Page 38: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

The “target” for gestural development

• Integration of visible and audible action

• Semiotic complexity of linguistic signaling:– Trichotomous modes of meaning

– Knowledge of space/time/history

– “Common ground”: knowing that your interlocutors knows, that you know, that she knows…

• The inherent possibility of multimodality in interaction

Page 39: Learning to Point - University of California, San Diegogrammar.ucsd.edu/courses/hdp1/Nov20.pdfLearning to Point in Zinacantán John B. Haviland UCSD‐Anthropology CHD, Nov. 19, 2007

• John B. Haviland– [email protected]

– anthro.ucsd.edu/~jhaviland

– Linguistic Anthropology Lab, CRB 340

• UCSD summer Global Seminar, Sorrento, Italy– Language & (multi)culture 

– Gesture, communication & the body

– June‐July 2008