Background of Wireless CommunicationStudent Presentations and ProjectsWireless Communication TechnologyWireless Networking and Mobile IPWireless Local Area NetworksWireless CommunicationIntroductory Lecture

ObjectivesWhere is Wireless Communication today? Where has it come from in the last decade? What is its future potential?Why is wireless channel different from wired? How does wireless design overcome the challenges of the channels and interference?What are key wireless communication concepts?Rapid fire introduction to buzz words and why they matter: OFDM/CDMA/MIMO How do they feature in modern/emerging wireless systems (Wifi: 802.11a/b/g/n, 3G, mobile WIMAX: 802.16e)?Mobile Ad hoc and sensor networks are covered at the end of course

Wireless Comes of AgeGuglielmo Marconi invented the wireless telegraph in 1896Communication by encoding alphanumeric characters in analog signalSent telegraphic signals across the Atlantic OceanCommunications satellites launched in 1957Advances in wireless technologyRadio, television, mobile telephone, communication satellitesMore recentlySatellite communications, wireless networking, cellular technology

Broadband Wireless TechnologyHigher data rates obtainable with broadband wireless technologyGraphics, video, audioShares same advantages of all wireless services: convenience and reduced costServices can be deployed faster than fixed servicesNo cost of cable plantService is mobile, deployed almost anywhereWireless is convenient and less expensive

Limitations and Difficulties of Wireless TechnologiesLimitations and political and technical difficulties inhibit wireless technologiesLack of an industry-wide standardDevice limitationsE.g., small LCD on a mobile telephone can only displaying a few lines of textE.g., browsers of most mobile wireless devices use wireless markup language (WML) instead of HTML

Part One: Chapter 1: IntroductionProvides preview and context for rest of the courseCovers basic topicsData CommunicationsTCP/IP

Chapter 2: Transmission FundamentalsBasic overview of transmission topicsData communications conceptsIncludes techniques of analog and digital data transmissionChannel capacityTransmission mediaMultiplexing

Chapter 3: Communication NetworksComparison of basic communication network technologiesCircuit switchingPacket switchingFrame relayATM

Chapter 4: Protocols and the TCP/IP SuiteProtocol architectureOverview of TCP/IPOpen systems interconnection (OSI) reference modelInternetworking

Part Two: Wireless Communication TechnologyUnderlying technology of wireless transmissionEncoding of analog and digital data for wireless transmission

Chapter 5: Antennas and PropagationPrinciples of radio and microwaveAntenna performanceWireless transmission modesFading

Chapter 6: Signal Encoding TechniquesWireless transmissionAnalog and digital dataAnalog and digital signals

Chapter 7: Spread SpectrumFrequency hoppingDirect sequence spread spectrumCode division multiple access (CDMA)

Chapter 8: Coding and Error ControlForward error correction (FEC)Using redundancy for error detectionAutomatic repeat request (ARQ) techniques

Part Three: Wireless NetworkingExamines major types of networksSatellite-based networksCellular networksCordless systemsFixed wireless access schemesUse of mobile IP and Wireless Access Protocol (WAP) to provide Internet and Web access

Chapter 9: Satellite CommunicationsGeostationary satellites (GEOS)Low-earth orbiting satellites (LEOS)Medium-earth orbiting satellites (MEOS)Capacity allocation

Chapter 10: Cellular Wireless NetworksCellular wireless network design issuesFirst generation analog (traditional mobile telephony service)Second generation digital cellular networksTime-division multiple access (TDMA)Code-division multiple access (CDMA)Third generation networks

Chapter 11: Cordless Systems and Wireless Local LoopCordless systemsWireless local loop (WLL)Sometimes called radio in the loop (RITL) or fixed wireless access (FWA)

Chapter 12: Mobile IP and Wireless Access ProtocolModifications to IP protocol to accommodate wireless access to InternetWireless Application Protocol (WAP)Provides mobile users access to telephony and information services including Internet and WebIncludes wireless phones, pagers and personal digital assistants (PDAs)

Part Four: Wireless Local Area NetworksExamines underlying wireless LAN technologyExamines standardized approaches to local wireless networking

Chapter 13: Wireless LAN TechnologyOverview of LANs and wireless LAN technology and applicationsTransmission techniques of wireless LANsSpread spectrumNarrowband microwaveInfrared

Chapter 14: IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN StandardWireless LAN standards defined by IEEE 802.11 committee

Chapter 15: BluetoothBluetooth is an open specification for wireless communication and networkingPersonal computersMobile phonesOther wireless devices

Wireless Ad hoc NetworksWireless Ad hoc Networks is a specific type of Wireless networks when no infrastructure existsMulti-hop Ad hoc NetworksSensor NetworksRoutingSecurityApplications

Internet and Web ResourcesCourse Websitehttp://web.uettaxila.edu.pk/cms/teWCbsLectures, Labs, Assignments, Quizzes, Other InfoWeb page for the course text bookhttp://www.williamstallings.com/Wireless/Wireless2e.htmlUseful web sites, errata sheet, figures, tables, slides, internet mailing list, wireless coursesComputer Science Student Support Sitehttp://www.williamstallings.com/StudentSupport.htmlNewsgroupscomp.std.wireless comp.dcom.*

Text BooksWireless Communications and Networks, Second Editionby William Stallings

Fundamentals of Wireless Communication by David Tse and Pramod Viswanath

Wireless Communication: Potential

Why Wireless?CharacteristicsMostly radio transmission, new protocols for data transmission are needed

AdvantagesSpatial flexibility in radio reception rangeAd hoc networks without former planningNo problems with wiring (e.g. historical buildings, fire protection, esthetics)Robust against disasters like earthquake, fire and careless users which remove connectors!

DisadvantagesGenerally very low transmission rates for higher numbers of usersOften proprietary, more powerful approaches, standards are often restrictedMany national regulations, global regulations are evolving slowlyRestricted frequency range, interferences of frequencies

Nevertheless, in the last 10-20 years, it has really been a wireless revolution

The Wireless RevolutionCellular is the fastest growing sector of communication industry (exponential growth since 1982, with over 2 billion users worldwide today)

Three generations of wireless

First Generation (1G): Analog 25 or 30 KHz FM, voice only, mostly vehicular communicationSecond Generation (2G): Narrowband TDMA and CDMA, voice and low bit-rate data, portable units.2.5G increased data transmission capabilitiesThird Generation (3G): Wideband TDMA and CDMA, voice and high bit-rate data, portable unitsFourth Generation (in progress): true broadband wireless: WIMAX, 3G LTE, 802.11 a/b/g/n

The Wireless Communication OpportunityDemand GapWireless mobile services grew from 11 million subscribers worldwide in 1990 to over 2 billion in 2005.

In the same period, the Internet grew from being a curiousacademic tool to about 1 billion users. Broadband internet access is also growing rapidly

Sept 2006 figures: 2.53 Billion total; 2.02 B (GSM), 320 M (CDMA), 81.2M UMTS Source: http://www.3gamericas.org/English/Statistics/

WLAN Market: WiFiWLAN Growth Drivers

Convenience & Flexibility Productivity Gains Low Cost Embedded WLANSource: AirTight Networks

Chart13

1.1

1.9

2.5

3.4

4.1

$-bil

Forecast Sales of Wi-Fi Equipment(Source: InfoTech Trends)

Sheet1

Original Gartner Data

Wireless LAN Infrastructure Shipments by Segment: Worldwide, 2001-2007 (Thousands of Units)

Product Segment2001200220032004200520062007CAGR 2001-20072001200220032004200520062007

Large Site AP121715572410259028062984326217.90%1426193730753776464155306192

Small Site AP209380665118618352546293055.30%

Total1426193730753776464155306192

36%59%23%23%19%12%

Wireless LAN Infrastructure Shipments by Region: Worldwide, 2001-2007 (Thousands of Units)

North America1235164725933378437153765956

Europe & MEA31053512051911296240844790

Asia Pacific & Japan46764912581956296141245006

RoW264390145240353456

Total2038287451467390105341393716208

41%79%44%43%32%16%

Regionwise Share of market (Derived from Gartner data)

North America61%57%50%46%41%39%37%

Europe & MEA15%19%23%26%28%29%30%

Asia Pacific & Japan23%23%24%26%28%30%31%

RoW1%1%2%2%2%3%3%

Derived Data for coorelation purpose

Wireless LAN Infrastructure Shipments by Segment: North America, 2001-2007 (Thousands of Units)

Large Site AP73789212141184116411511199

Small Site AP12721833554276198210774000

Total864111015491726192621332275

Wireless LAN Infrastructure Square Footage Derived from Number of APs : 2001-2007 (Thousands of Units)

Large Site AP3455555309.0504954329

Small Site AP1112344160.8083649977

Total34678994610

96410361122.41193.61304.85621

134.03381267216.8502300406304.5674957281392.8333500753430.6781836131479

1098.033812671252.85023004061426.96749572811586.43335007531735.4781836137100

Sheet1

1426

1937

3075

3776

4641

5530

6192

&A

Page &P

Thousands of Units

Worldwide WLAN Infrastructure Shipments (src: Gartner)

Sheet2

% VARs citing the products they are selling, reselling or recommending by category

%

In Nov 2002In Nov 2003

Firewalls53%70%

Antivirus55%67%

Intrusion Detection28%42%

VPNs33%48%

LAN/WAN Systems50%62%

Nov-02Nov-03% Change

Firewalls53%70%32%

Antivirus55%67%22%

IDS28%42%50%

VPN33%48%45%

LAN/WAN Systems50%62%24%

Sheet2

0.530.70.320754717

0.550.670.2181818182

0.280.420.5

0.330.480.4545454545

0.50.620.24

Nov-02

Nov-03

% Change

% VARs citing the products they are selling or recommending

Sheet3

IT Security Market ($-bil)

YearRevenues

200117

200220

200325

200430

200537

200645

Revenues172025303745

Year200120022003200420052006

Security Product%

Antivirus software98%

Firewalls97%

Access control91%

Physical security90%

Intrusion detection74%

Encrypted files69%

Digital IDs49%

Reusable passwords47%

PCMCIA40%

Biometrics10%

Financial Loss$-bil

Theft of proprietary information70.2

Denial of service attacks65.6

Losses from virus attacks27.4

Wi-Fi Policy%

Forbidden59%

Allowed19%

Its encouraged15%

Not sure7%

Percentage12%55%95%

Year200120032005

InfoneticsVPN/FirewallIDS/IPSIDS/IPSVPN/Firewall

4Q01$438.57$55.052001$280$2,052.50

2002$355$2,401.43

2Q03$715.60$104.502003$441$2,991.19

3Q03$780$116.002004$569$3,572

2005$7283,846.15

2Q04$831$139.492006$924$4,500

3Q04$955$145

1Q06$1,125.00$231

IDS/IPS

20011.1

20021.9

20032.5

20043.4

20054.1

Sheet3

0.98

0.97

0.91

0.9

0.74

0.69

0.49

0.47

0.4

0.1

%

Product

% Organizations

Security Product Deployment in Organizations

70.2

65.6

27.4

($-bil)

Financial Loss as a Result of Computer Crime

0.59

0.19

0.15

0.07

%

Corporate Wi-Fi Policy(src: InfoTech Trends)

00

00

00

00

00

00

IDS/IPS

VPN/Firewall

Worldwide Market in $-mil (src: Infonetics)

0

0

0

0

0

$-bil

Forecast Sales of Wi-Fi Equipment(Source: InfoTech Trends)

Chart17

1.426

1.937

3.075

3.776

4.641

5.53

6.192

Millions of Units

Worldwide WLAN Infrastructure Shipments (Source: Gartner)

Sheet1

Original Gartner Data

Wireless LAN Infrastructure Shipments by Segment: Worldwide, 2001-2007 (Thousands of Units)

Product Segment2001200220032004200520062007CAGR 2001-20072001200220032004200520062007

Large Site AP121715572410259028062984326217.90%1.4261.9373.0753.7764.6415.536.192

Small Site AP209380665118618352546293055.30%

Total1426193730753776464155306192

36%59%23%23%19%12%

Wireless LAN Infrastructure Shipments by Region: Worldwide, 2001-2007 (Thousands of Units)

North America1235164725933378437153765956

Europe & MEA31053512051911296240844790

Asia Pacific & Japan46764912581956296141245006

RoW264390145240353456

Total2.042.875.157.3910.5313.9416.21

41%79%44%43%32%16%

Regionwise Share of market (Derived from Gartner data)

North America60599%57307%50389%45710%41494%38574%36747%

Europe & MEA15211%18615%23416%25859%28118%29303%29553%

Asia Pacific & Japan22915%22582%24446%26468%28109%29590%30886%

RoW1276%1496%1749%1962%2278%2533%2813%

Derived Data for coorelation purpose

Wireless LAN Infrastructure Shipments by Segment: North America, 2001-2007 (Thousands of Units)

Large Site AP73748589226812143661183900116432811510361198696

Small Site AP12665121776633508554212676141998208310766954000

Total864136111003415494511726025192574621331192275392

Wireless LAN Infrastructure Square Footage Derived from Number of APs : 2001-2007 (Thousands of Units)

Large Site AP2950356948574736465746044795301689050.4954329172

Small Site AP5078711340216930463928430716167808.3649976832

Total3457444061986904770385329102463369859

96410361122.41193.61304.85621

134033.812670035216850.230040595304567.495728118392833.350075339430678.1836130311478963

134997.812670035217886.230040595305689.895728118394026.950075339431982.9836130311484584

Sheet1

&A

Page &P

Millions of Units

Worldwide WLAN Infrastructure Shipments (Source: Gartner)

Sheet2

% VARs citing the products they are selling, reselling or recommending by category

%

In Nov 2002In Nov 2003

Firewalls53%70%

Antivirus55%67%

Intrusion Detection28%42%

VPNs33%48%

LAN/WAN Systems50%62%

Nov-02Nov-03% Change

Firewalls53%70%32%

Antivirus55%67%22%

IDS28%42%50%

VPN33%48%45%

LAN/WAN Systems50%62%24%

Sheet2

Nov-02

Nov-03

% Change

% VARs citing the products they are selling or recommending

Sheet3

IT Security Market ($-bil)

YearRevenues

200117

200220

200325

200430

200537

200645

Revenues172025303745

Year200120022003200420052006

Security Product%

Antivirus software98%

Firewalls97%

Access control91%

Physical security90%

Intrusion detection74%

Encrypted files69%

Digital IDs49%

Reusable passwords47%

PCMCIA40%

Biometrics10%

Financial Loss$-bil

Theft of proprietary information70.2

Denial of service attacks65.6

Losses from virus attacks27.4

Wi-Fi Policy%

Forbidden59%

Allowed19%

Its encouraged15%

Not sure7%

Percentage12%55%95%

Year200120032005

InfoneticsVPN/FirewallIDS/IPSIDS/IPSVPN/Firewall

4Q01$438.57$55.052001$280$2,052.50

2002$355$2,401.43

2Q03$715.60$104.502003$441$2,991.19

3Q03$780$116.002004$569$3,572

2005$7283,846.15

2Q04$831$139.492006$924$4,500

3Q04$955$145

1Q06$1,125.00$231

IDS/IPS

20011.1

20021.9

20032.5

20043.4

20054.1

Sheet3

%

Product

% Organizations

Security Product Deployment in Organizations

($-bil)

Financial Loss as a Result of Computer Crime

%

Corporate Wi-Fi Policy(src: InfoTech Trends)

IDS/IPS

VPN/Firewall

Worldwide Market in $-mil (src: Infonetics)

$-bil

Forecast Sales of Wi-Fi Equipment(Source: InfoTech Trends)

Wireless: The Big Picture

Wireless: Understanding the Big PictureWireless (vs wired) communication mediumCellular (vs meshed vs MANETs) architectures for coverage, capacity, QoS, mobility, auto-configuration, infrastructure supportMobile (vs fixed vs portable) implications for devices: phone vs PSP vs PDA vs laptop vs ultramobileWAN (vs WLAN vs WMAN) network scope, coverage, mobilityMarket segments: Home networks, SOHO, SME, enterprise, Hotspots, WISPs, cellular Technologies/Standards/Marketing Alliances: 802.11, UWB, Bluetooth, Zigbee, 3G, GSM, CDMA, OFDM, MIMO, Wimax

Mobile Computing/Entertainment/CommnsComputing: smaller, fasterDisks: larger size, small formCommunications: wireless voice, dataMultimedia integration: voice, data, video, gamesSamsung Cameraphone w/ camcorderiPoD: impact of disk size/costBlackberry: phone + PDASONY PSP: mobile gaming

Variety of Wireless-Capable Devices 2006 Thanksgiving sales: < $1000 Plasma 42 TVs. These will soon be wireless-broadband enabled and can play home movies/videos from the Internet

Emerging Rich Media Broadband WirelessAccessServicesValue Added ServicesCellularRich Media Broadband WirelessBroadband Wireless/Wireline LANInternet*Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners.

Converging Markets Drive Economies of Scale3GPP/2CEBWAWLANWiFi/WiMax or WiFi/3G integration willbridge markets Converged Markets addressing Mobile WWAN250M devices in 09 with a need for access200 M units a year growing at 35%>$1B market growing into cable and DSL markets$>600B market >2 B users >700M units/yr~220M BB users (CBL+DSL+other)Market demand is >1BCE devices will require low cost WLAN/WWAN accessSource: Intel Estimates, IDC,

Mainstream Mobile Broadband Internet Will Also Require:Innovation in Distribution:Single Chip WiFi + WiMAX/3G for Mass Market Innovation in Billing:Pay as You Go, Pre-paid, or Monthly Subscription Innovation in Services:Web 2.0, AJAX, Personal Internet* Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others

Wireless History (Brief)

Wireless History 1924: First Mobile Radio Telephone1901: First radio reception across the Atlantic Ocean

Early Cellular Systems1940s-50s: cellular concept discovered (AT&T)1st Generation: Analog:AMPS: FDMA with 30 KHz FM-modulated voice channels.1983: The first analog cellular system deployed in Chicago: saturated by 1984, FCC increased the cellular spectral allocation from 40 MHz to 50 MHz. Two 25MHz channels: DL and UL (FDD) AT&T moved on to fiber optics in 80s.

2nd generation: digital: early 90shigher capacity, improved cost, speed, and power efficiency of digital hardware

Wireless Timeline (Partial)1991 - Specification of DECT (cordless phone)Digital European Cordless Telephone (today: Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications). Other cordless standards: PHS (Japan), CT-2 (Europe/Asia) 1880-1900MHz, ~100-500m range, 120 duplex channels, 1.2Mbit/s data transmission, voice encryption, authentication, up to several 10000 user/km2, used in more than 50 countries. 1992 - Start of GSMIn Germany as D1 and D2, fully digital, 900MHz, 124 channels Automatic location, hand-over, cellularRoaming in Europe - now worldwide in more than 170 countriesServices: data with 9.6kbit/s, FAX, voice, ...1996 - HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area Network) ETSI, standardization of type 1: 5.15 - 5.30GHz, 23.5Mbit/s Recommendations for type 2 and 3 (both 5GHz) and 4 (17GHz) as wireless ATM-networks (up to 155Mbit/s)1997 - Wireless LAN IEEE 802.11IEEE standard, 2.4 - 2.5GHz and infrared, 2Mbit/sAlready many (proprietary) products available in the beginning1998 - Specification of GSM successorsUMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) as European proposals for IMT-2000Iridium: 66 satellites (+6 spare), 1.6GHz to the mobile phone

Wireless Timeline (Partial)1999 - Standardization of additional wireless LANsIEEE standard 802.11b, 2.4-2.5GHz, 11Mbit/s Bluetooth for piconets, 2.4Ghz,

Broadband Wireless Milestones: SummarySource: J.Andrews, A. Ghosh, R. Muhamed, Fundamentals of WIMAX

Wireless Systems: From Narrowband to Broadband

What do service providers need?Highest possible consumer satisfaction

QoS is primary requirement video and high throughput (mobile) data sessions

Management capability to the devices: easy service provisioning, billing.

Secure mobility support: Handoff & MeshAvoid theft-of-service

New services

What do Home users want?Range: reliable wireless networking throughout the homeHigh fidelity A/V: good Quality of Service for high quality audio and video

Throughput!HDTV-720 in the US @ 16 Mbps (MPEG2)HDTV-1080 in Japan @ 20 Mbps (MPEG2)Next generation Media Center will support 2 concurrent video streaming, and by .11n ratification 4 concurrent streamingFor 3 streams in the home, with picture-in-picture, and Internet access, 100Mbps UDP level throughput is easily consumed

Modern Wireless SystemsPeak

Modern Wireless Systems (by Segment)

IEEE Wireless StandardsIEEE 802.15.3 UWB, BluetoothWi-Media, BTSIG, MBOAWANMANLANPANETSI HiperPANIEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi AllianceETSI-BRAN HiperLAN2IEEE 802.16d WiMAXETSI HiperMAN & HIPERACCESSIEEE 802.20IEEE 802.16e3GPP (GPRS/UMTS)3GPP2 (1X--/CDMA2000)GSMA, OMASensorsIEEE 802.15.4(Zigbee Alliance)RFID(AutoID Center)IEEE 802.21, IEEE 802.18 802.19RANIEEE 802.22

Tradeoffs: Mobility/Coverage/BitRate

Wireless LANs: WiFi/802.11Based on the IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n family of standards, and is primarily a local area networking technology designed to provide in-building or campus broadband coverage.IEEE 802.11a/g peak physical layer data rate of 54 Mbps and indoor coverage over a distance of 100 feet.Beyond buildings: municipal WiFi, Neighborhood Area Networks (NaN), hotspotsMuch higher peak data rates than 3G systems, primarily since it operates over a larger bandwidth (20 MHz). Its MAC scheme CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access) is inefficient for large numbers of usersThe interference constraints of operating in the license-exempt band is likely to significantly reduce the actual capacity of outdoor Wi-Fi systems.Wi-Fi systems are not designed to support high-speed mobility. Wide availability of terminal devices802.11n: MIMO techniques for range extension and higher bit rates

Wireless LAN Standards802.11b (Current Generation)Standard for 2.4GHz ISM band (80 MHz)Frequency hopped spread spectrum1.6-10 Mbps, 500 ft range

802.11a (Emerging Generation)Standard for 5GHz NII band (300 MHz)OFDM with time division20-70 Mbps, variable rangeSimilar to HiperLAN in Europe802.11g (New Standard)Standard in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bandsOFDM Speeds up to 54 Mbps

IEEE 802.11nOver-the-air (OTA): 200 Mbps; MAC layer : 100MbpsRich content distribution- 3 HDTV quality streams and simultaneous broadband access; VoIP over WLAN supporting many simultaneous clientsService providers: microcells, neighborhood area networks (NANs)PHYMIMO/multiple antenna techniquesAdvanced FEC, (forward error correction) 10, 20 & 40Mhz channels widthsHigher order modulation/codingMACFlexible & efficient packet aggregationLegacy and channel width coexistencePower saving mechanismsNovel data flow techniques

WLAN Network ArchitectureBasic Service Set (BSS): a set of stations which communicate with one anotherAd hoc network Only direct communication possibleNo relay function

Infrastructure ModeStations communicate with APAP provides connection to wired network (e.g. Ethernet)Stations not allowed to communicate directlySome similarities with cellular (covered later)Source: AirTight Networks

WLAN Network Architecture (2)ESS: a set of BSSs interconnected by a distribution system (DS)Local Area Network (e.g .Ethernet)Future: Meshed Wireless BackhaulSource: AirTight Networks

8C32810.61-Cimini-7/98Bluetooth: WPANCable replacement RF technology (low cost)Short range {10m (1mW), 100m (100 mW)}Lower power than WiFi2.4 GHz band (crowded)1 Data (723.2 Kbps, reverse channel 57.6kbps: ACL) Or 3 synchronous voice channels (64kbps, SCO)Frequency-hopping for multiple access with a carrier spacing of 1 MHz for 8 devices per pico-net.80 carriers => 80MHz. Collisions when multiple piconets nearby. Widely supported by telecommunications, PC, and consumer electronics companies. Hands free phone (ear set) for cars, internet chat/VoIPIntra-car networking announced by some car manufacturers in Europe.

Q&A?

***WiMAX stands at the intersection of the traditional walled garden cellular model and the open go anywhere do anything environment of the internet

We believe this convergence will happen in devices as they are created to match the desired user experience Personal Mobile Broadband Anywhere, Anytime*The message is that all of these markets are focusing the WWAN subscribers*Self forming: a collection of access points to form a coherent & secure home network with minimal user intervention

*ETSI HIPERMAN following 256 OFDM mode of 802.16a