lec 11 habitat

Animal Behavior:
Habitat Choice

Animal Behavior:
Habitat Choice

Relates to Alcock Ch. 8

Announcements

Schedule:

This lecture will include lecture and lab time

Lectures will be on Alcock Ch. 8 and beginning of Alcock Ch. 10 &11

In-class discussion of homework on Ch. 5, Ch 6& 9 and Ch. 7 &8

Field Trip Vote (Nov 22, Dec 6)

Announcements

You will receive

Mouse ethogram labs

(use comments on zoo behavior study paper)

Datasheets from 2nd lab

(use structure as a reference for zoo study)

Posted

Previous lecture

(Slideshare software)

Information for writing paper

Updated syllabus

Due dates/Deadlines

Due dates/deadlines:

Re-submission of pre-midterm homeworks is due November 20

Re-submission deadline for HW 6,7,8 (Ch. 5, Ch. 6&9, Ch. 7&8) is November 20

Posted on Nov 14th is the information for structuring ethogram and zoo proposal.

You will receive zoo proposal revisions and the ethograms (I forgot to hand them out) on Tuesday the Nov 18th.

Zoo proposal is due Nov 25

Zoo paper is due December 2

Zoo oral presentations given on December 4

Note: There is a penalty in your grade for not completing homework on time

Review previous lecture

Review:

Theories to explain adaptive behavior

Game theory

Behavioral choices (strategies) in a social context)

Optimal theory

Optimizing a fitness proxy

e.g. optimal foraging theory

Habitat Choice and Feeding: Outline

Habitat selection

Source habitats (populations); sink habitats (populations)

Habitat preference

Dispersal

Inbreeding depression

Migration

Costs

Benefits

Migration as Conditional tactic

Habitat selection

Factors:

Resource availability

Competition for resources

Habitat selection and Competition

Competition influences habitat selection

Primarily measured by resource competition


Example: Aphids

Location on leaf


Game theory

High quality habitat vs low quality

Fitness tradeoff between high quality habitat and density of population such that individual fitness is high in lower quality, less dense habitat


Trade-off between quality of rocks and size of territories in male lizards

Swarm of bees making a new hive, Distance of equally optimal habitat, more distant location is chosen

In areas where hives are bigger (northern Europe) and competition more intense, swarms move farther to found a new hive, than areas where hives are smaller (southern Europe)

Dispersal

Costs

Energy

Predation risk

Risk of not finding a habitat

Dispersal benefits

Reduced inbreeding depression

Inbreeding depression = increase risk when closely related individuals mate of getting both recessive alleles of damaging traits

Reduce competition (e.g., territorial disputes)

Dispersal cost/benefit tradeoffs

Is there a cost benefit tradeoff to dispersal?

Why/why not?

Dispersal cost/benefit tradeoffs

Energetics cost of flight (dispersal) vs. energy to reproduction

Experiment

Two phenotypes:

large wings (flight)

Small wings (no flight)

Inhibit formation of wings on large phenotype (juvenile hormone)

large wings (flight)

(less energy to reproduction)

large wings (no flight)

(greater energy to reproduction)

Therefore flight apparatus comes at a cost to reproductive output

Migration

Costs

benefits

White sharks
discoveries of migration and new mysteries of life history

Kevin C. Weng - University of Hawaii at Manoa

30 September 2008

University of Massachusetts Dartmouth

Movement Ecology

Territorial

Nomadic

Migratory

Mammal

Migration known in 1960

Grey whale

Eschrichtius gibbosus

Gilmore 1960

Serventy 1967, Baker 1978Bird: Migration Known in 1967Short-Tailed ShearwaterPuffinus tenuirostris

Distribution c. 1999

Patrol coast

Short acoustic tracks

(Carey, McCosker, Strong)

Compagno 1984

Historical Records Precede Captain Cook

Taylor 1985

HURL Sightings

October 4, 2004, Makapuu: Terry Kerby & Amy Baco-Taylor

Jimmy Hall
28 Dec 2005,
Haleiwa

Population Status

No population estimates

Seal colonies off California ~100s

Aggregation in S. Africa ~1000s

Aggregations in Australia ~100s

Pyle, pers. com.; Cliff et al. 1996; Strong et al. 1996

Genetic Population Structure

Reeb, unpublished: separate stock in E PacificPardini et al. Nature 2001:Separate stocks in South Africa and Australia???

Mating

?

Reproductive Biology

Pregnant White Sharks

MediterraneanJapanTaiwanAustraliaNew Zealand???

Young-of-Year White sharks:

Possible Parturition/Nursery

MediterraneanJapanAustraliaNew Zealand

CaliforniaBajaNE AtlanticSouth Africa

Long distance movement to Baja

Trophic Links

Stomach contents (Klimley 1985)

Ontogenetic diet shift:

< 340 cm: fish

> 340 cm: fish + mammals

(Estrada et al. 2006)

Seal behavior and distribution: predator avoidance (Le Bouef & Crocker 1985)

Pelagic Fishes can be Tracked with Recently Developed Tools

SPOT fin-mounted transmitter - Argos position

Adult white shark

PAT Tag - Temperature, Pressure, LightJuvenile white sharkSalmon shark

Our group helped to pioneer this technology

Adult White Sharks:
Farallon Islands, California

Monterey Bay Aquarium

White Shark Data

20 white sharks tracked

435 (401-457) cm total length (median Q1 Q3)

3,336 total days of tracking

Track length 182 (85-217) days

Longest track 367 days

03-583 Male 4.5 m04-155 Male 4.3 mScot Anderson & Adam Brown

Pelagic White Sharks

Boustany et al., 2002 Nature(n = 6)

White Shark to Hawaii

04-160 4 m FemalePhoto: Scot Anderson & Adam BrownTag found by beach-comber at Sea Ranch, CA

White shark movement to Hawaii

Weng et al. 2007 Marine Biology

Seasonal Distribution:
White Sharks (n = 15)

Weng et al. 2007

White Shark Range Expansion

Boustany et al. 2002Weng et al. 2007Compagno 1984

Species range (fishery data)Individual movements

A Week in Life of a White Shark in Hawaii

Diel pattern of behavior

Onshore day, offshore night?

Dolphins, large pelagics, whale placentas?

Monk seals?

Why Migrate to Hawaii ?

Escape winter

Find food

Mate or give birth


Escape winter

Find food

Mate or give birth

No winter in California CurrentX


Escape winter

Find food

Mate or give birth

Pelagic fishes

Sharks & rays

Turtles

Dolphins

Whales

Whale placentas

Reverse Diel Behavior

Deepest dives at night

Nearshore during day

Offshore during night

?


Escape winter

Find food

Mate or give birth

?Both males and femalesNo records of neonates

Return Migration of White Shark

04-156 3.6 m Unknown sexPhoto: Scot Anderson & Adam Brown

Radio Direction Finder

Recover archival tags

Reacquire animal at sea and sample environment or collect additional data

Doppler antennaController Receiver (401.65 MHz)ProcessorSmart friends (Hans Thomas, MBARI)

Full cycle of migration

Days of the Year

White Shark Behavior Changes Dramatically in Different Habitats

OffshoreTravelingNearshore

Vertical Habitat Through Migration

Why Migrate to Subtropical Gyre ?

Escape winter

Find food

Mate or give birth


Escape winter

Find food

Mate or give birth

Pelagic fishesSharks & raysLow abundance

Primary Productivity

Potential Prey for White Sharks Offshore?

Catch of Bigeye Tuna 2000-2004 IATTC, 2006

White Sharks
Foraging Offshore?

Catch of Bigeye and Yellowfin Tuna 2000-2004 IATTC, 2006

Parturition?

Juvenile white sharks: Southern California & Baja

Weng et al., in press, MEPS

Mexico Pacific:

Escape winter

Find food

Mate or give birth

Both males and femalesNeonates in S. CA Bight

Mexico Sharks (Guadalupe Isl.)

Domeier and Nasby-Lucas, in press, MEPS

Parturition?

Young bornAdult

Nearshore nursery

Adult

Nearshore nurseryYoung born

Kevin Weng, Stanford University

Migration: Indian Ocean

Aggregation Region

Bonfil et al 2005 Science

Neritic Migrations


Africa to Australia

O+3. 8 m shark: not mating


Migration: Australia/NZ

Hotspots + highways
3.0 4.0 m white sharks

Bruce et al. 2006, unpublished

Long Distance Movements Linking Australia + New Zealand

Bruce et al. unpublished

Summary White Shark

FeedFeed? Mate?Transit

Summary: White Sharks

Not neritic huge pelagic habitat for the year

Predictable seasonal migration

Regular use of mid-ocean and isolated islands

Australia? Neritic

lec 11 habitat

Education