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Lecture 3-4 : Introduction to Computer

Dr. Nasir M Mirza

Numerical Methods

Email: nasirmm@yahoo.com

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Computers

Brief History of ComputersBrief History of ChipTypes of ComputersComputer Hardware

Computer Software

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Oldest Computers

Figure : Jacquards loom

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First Type: The Mark I computer

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Pascal Computer

Many contributions to mathematics A primitive adder, like an odomoter, called the Pascaline

Economics limited its appeal (too expensive)

http://lecture.eingang.org/pascal.html

http://lecture.eingang.org/pascal.htmlhttp://lecture.eingang.org/pascal.html

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Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz

1666 as Dissertatio de arte combinatoria (Dissertation on thecombinatorial art) (Mozart/Dice Games)

http://www.worldvillage.com/jchuang/Music/Dice/dice.cgi Machine below: business success; add, subtract, mult, divide. There

was a primitive language for programming this device (settingwheel positions) http://www-gap.dcs.st-

and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Leibniz.html

http://www.worldvillage.com/jchuang/Music/Dice/dice.cgihttp://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Leibniz.htmlhttp://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Leibniz.htmlhttp://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Leibniz.htmlhttp://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Leibniz.htmlhttp://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Leibniz.htmlhttp://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Leibniz.htmlhttp://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Leibniz.htmlhttp://www.worldvillage.com/jchuang/Music/Dice/dice.cgi

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Charles Babbages Machine He Designed a machine (Difference

Engine) capable of performing acalculation many times over (usefulfor limits, logs, etc)

Steam Powered; only capable of performing one type of operationwithout changing the gears on themachine

Analytical Engine A generic machine(never built) that was capable of reading instructions from punchedcards.

This is the basis of the modern instruction set/execution architecture.

Ada Lovelace is credited withdesigning the language for theanalytical engine.

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Hardware & Softwareof a Computer

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In the Beginning ...

The first devices to be used were vacumn tubes They had two states They were hot and required lots of air conditioning They were fairly big and needed lots of wiring

They burnt out often

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Getting Smaller ...

Next came transisters They had two states They produced far less heat They were smaller and therefore needed less

wiring Less wiring meant shorter distances for

electrons to travel and thus faster computers

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Smaller Yet ...

Today, we use integrated circuits, which combinetransisters and other components into photographicallymicrotized circuits

They are essentially cool

They need very little wiring and therefore are evenfaster

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Microprocessors

Each modern Computer has

Microprocessor or sets of microprocessors

So, we have now chip making technologies.

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How a Computer Chip is Made!

Microchip is the brain of themodern computers.Following steps aretaken to make a chip.

Preparation of a design

Large scale

printout of entire chip for designer team

Close-up of apart of onechipcomponent.

Photo masks

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How a Computer Chip is Made!

Manufacturing the chip

Close-up viewof wafer showing manychips

Silicon Wafersin etchingbaths

A wafer withhundreds of chips

Close-up viewof wafer showing asingle chip

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How a Computer Chip is Made!

3. Testing the chip A probmachinemeasuringelectrical

conductivity

Yield analysis being done A diamondsaw cuttingwafer intosingle chips

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How a Computer Chip is Made!

3. Packaging the chip A wire-bondingdevice wiresthe pads of

the chip

Dual in-linepackagewith tworows of legs

A dualand twosquarepackages

Squarepin-grid

arraypackage

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What is a computer A computer is an used to process data, converting the data into useful

information that is useful to user. A computer can convert data into information that is meaningful to people

What is the difference between data and information ? Data

Raw facts stored in computer e.g. A banks computer accounts datasuch as account number, amount etc..

Information Processed data is called information or the data that serves specific

purpose Example: Number of accounts in a bank Example: Number of transactions on a specific day

Components of a Computer A complete computer system includes four distinct parts

Hardware Software Data

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A Basic Computer

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A Basic Computer

CPU

Central Processing Unit - where data is processed

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A Basic Computer

CPU

ROM

Read Only Memory - Manufacturer supplied data andinstructions

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A Basic Computer

CPU

ROM RAM

Random Access Memory - User supplied data andinstructions

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A Basic Computer

CPU

ROM RAM

Allows user to supply data to CPU directly

InputDevice

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A Basic Computer

CPU

ROM RAM

Allows CPU to send data to user directly

InputDevice

OutputDevice

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A Basic Computer

CPU

ROM RAM

Semi-permanent storage - device and medium

InputDevice

OutputDevice

SecondaryStorage