lect 4 biomolecule

8/10/2019 Lect 4 Biomolecule

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Glucose

D glucose

D glucose

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Sucrose

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Lactose Cellulose

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Lactase

Lactose : glucose + galactose Some population segments exhibit lactase persistence

resulting from a mutation that is postulated to have

occurred 5000-10,000 years ago, coinciding with the riseof cattle domestication.This mutation has allowed almost

half of the worlds population to metabolize lactose

without symptoms.

3% Danes are deficient of lactase compared with 97%Thais

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Glycogen

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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Glykogen.svg


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Amylose Amylopectin

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Amino acids

Amino acids

Glutathione Amide/Peptide bond?

Epinephrine

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Thyroxine

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DOPA/MINE

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter. It is a chemical

messenger that helps in the transmission of signals in

the brain and other vital areas. Dopamine is found in

humans as well as animals, including both vertebrates

and invertebrates

L-DOPA is used as a drug in the clinical treatment

of Parkinson's disease.

L-DOPA crosses the protective bloodbrain barrier,

whereas dopamine itself cannot. Thus, L-DOPA is usedto increase dopamine concentrations in the treatment of

Parkinson's disease.

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Amino acids / Proteins

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Glargine/ Detemir

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Glargine/ Detemir

A 21 B 29 B 30, 31, 32

Insulin: Asn Lys Thr (terminal)

Glargine: Gly Thr Arg Arg

Detemir: Lys

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Myristic acid (C 14)


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Glargine/ Detemir

Insulin glargine, marketed by Sanofi-Aventis under the name

Lantus, is a long-acting basal insulin analogue, given once daily to

help control the blood sugar level of those with diabetes. It consists

of microcrystals that slowly release insulin, giving a long duration of

action of 18 to 26 hours, with a "peakless" profile.

Insulin detemiris a long-acting human insulin analogue for

maintaining the basal level of insulin. Novo Nordisk markets it under

the trade name Levemir. It is an insulin analogue in which a fatty

acid (myristic acid) is bound to the lysine amino acid at position B29.

It is quickly absorbed after which it binds to albumin in the blood

through its fatty acid at position B29. It then slowly dissociates from

this complex.

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Amanita muscaria / - Amanitin

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Look for Amino acids
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fliegenpilz-1.jpg


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alpha-Amanitin

-amanitinis a cyclic peptide of eight amino acids. It is

possibly the most deadly of all the amatoxins, toxins

found in several species of the Amanitagenus of

mushrooms. The oral LD50of amanitin is approximately

0.1 mg/kg.

-Amanitin is an inhibitor of RNA polymerase II.[

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Fat

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?

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Choline / Ethanolamine

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?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ethanolamine-2D-skeletal-B.png


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Sphingosine/Ceramide

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Sphingomyelin

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Haem

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Myoglobin

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Myoglobin / Hemoglobin

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Ribonuclease

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Purines

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Allopurinol


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Pyrimidines

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cAMP

AMP / Cyclic AMP

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Nucleic acids

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_chemical_structure.svg


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Oparin Theory

Atmosphere rich in Ammonia,

Methane,

Carbon monoxide and

Water

Essentially devoid of oxygen

A reducing atmosphere

Electric energy from

Lightning discharges

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Oparin Theory

Heat Energy from Volcanoes

Formed: Simple organic compounds

Associated: Larger complexes

Assembled spontaneously: Membranes andEnzymes

Which came together to become precursors of the

earliest cells

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Oparin Theory

Ultraviolet radiation from the sun + lightning discharges,

caused the gases in the atmosphere to react,

forming simple organic compounds.

This dissolved in the primeval oceans and continued toreact, forming what is sometimes referred to as the

primitive soup.

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Oparin Theory

The primitive soup contained

amino acids,

sugars, and

nucleic acids bases among other randomlysynthesized molecules.

Further reactions formed

polymers

and these associated, eventually forming globules. Ultimately this evolved into the first primitive cells.

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Miller Urey Experiment

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Prebiotic Evolution

Reactions among the mixture components can produce

hydrogen cyanide(HCN), formaldehyde(CH2O) and

other active intermediate compounds (acetylene,

cyanoacetylene, etc.):

CO2 CO + [O] (atomic oxygen)

CH4+ 2[O] CH2O + H2O

CO + NH3 HCN + H2O

CH4

+ NH3

HCN + 3H2

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaldehydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanoacetylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanoacetylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaldehydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide


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Prebiotic Evolution

The formaldehyde, ammonia, and HCN then react by

Strecker synthesis

to form amino acids and other biomolecules:

CH2O + HCN + NH3 NH2-CH2-CN + H2O

NH2-CH2-CN + 2H2O NH3+ NH2-CH2-COOH (glycine)

Furthermore, water and formaldehyde can react viaButlerov's reactionto produce various sugarslike ribose.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strecker_synthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formose_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formose_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strecker_synthesis


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Results

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DNA/RNA/Proteins

Neither DNA nor Proteins

RNA genetic material

RNA as a catalyst

RNA increase exponentially

Replication not so perfect: Variant species

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DNA/RNA/Proteins

DNA complementary to RNA took over as geneticmaterial

RNA evolved to play role in Protein synthesis

Organism developed mechanism to produce energy

through photosynthesis

Synthesis of Sugars

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DNA/RNA/Proteins

Incorporation of atmospheric N to form Amino acids

Proteins wide distribution took over diverse roles

including catalysis

Lipid like compounds formed relatively impermeable

Layers around self replicating collections of molecules

Proteins and nucleic acids within lipid enclosure favoredthe molecular interaction for self replication

Organisms began to interact and derive mutual benefits

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Post Millers Work Era

In the years since Miller's work, many variants of his procedure have

been tried. Virtually all the small molecules that are associated with

life have been formed: 17 of the 20 amino acidsused in protein

synthesis, and

all the purines and pyrimidinesused in nucleic acid synthesis.

But abiotic synthesis of riboseand thus of nucleotideshas

been much more difficult. However, success in synthesizing

pyrimidine ribonucleotides under conditions that might have existed

in the early earth has recently (Nature14 May 2009) been reported.

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http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/AminoAcids.htmlhttp://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/N/Nucleotides.htmlhttp://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/N/Nucleotides.htmlhttp://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/AminoAcids.html


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Post Millers Work Era

One difficulty with the primeval soup theory is

that it is now thought that the atmosphere of the

early earth was

notrich in methane and

ammonia

essential ingredients in Miller's experiments.

lect 4 biomolecule

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