lecture 03, 29 aug 2006 vertebrate physiology ecol 437
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Lecture 03, 29 Aug 2006
Vertebrate PhysiologyECOL 437 (MCB/VetSci 437)
Univ. of Arizona, Fall 2006
Kevin Bonine & Kevin Oh
1. Vertebrate PhysiologyIntegrationStructure/FunctionHomeostasisFeedbackAdaptationLiterature
2. Biochem Blitz (Chap 2)
Intro, Chapter 1
Membranes, Molecules, Signaling, Pathways
http://eebweb.arizona.edu/eeb_course_websites.htm
4-2 Randall et al. 2002
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Housekeeping, 29 August 2006
Upcoming Readings
today: Textbook, chapter 2&3Wed 30 Aug: Lienhard et al. 1992, Nesse & Williams 1998Thurs 31 Aug: Textbook chapter 3&10Tues 29 Aug: Textbook, chapter 10&11
Lab oral presentations 30 Aug 9am – Sam Perakis, Jeremy Lazorka2pm – Kevin Gilliam
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3Student ForumKate LindborgBethzaida Astorga
11/10/06Virgil I. Stenberg, Ph.D.Director, Helen FoundationApache Junction, AZ(host: Ann Baldwin)
11/3/06
Forum10/27/06Gary Shull, Ph.D.ProfessorDepartment of Molecular Genetics,Biochemistry & MicrobiologyUniversity of Cincinnati(host: Pawel R. Kiela, Pediatrics)
10/20/06
Alyssa Hasty, Ph.D.Assistant ProfessorMolecular Physiology & BiophysicsVanderbilt University School of Medicine(host: Heddwen Brooks)
10/13/06
Jonathan D. Kaunitz, M.D.Professor of MedicineDavid Geffen School of MedicineUCLA(host: Scott Boitano)
10/6/06
Student ForumKyle FlannLaura Labonte
9/29/06Emad Tajkhorshid, Ph.D.NIH Resource for Macromolecular Modelingand BioinformaticsTheoretical and Computational Biophysics GrpBeckman InstituteUniversity of Illinois Urbana-Champaign(host: Andrea Yool)
9/22/06
Student ForumDavid MargolisLouai Salaita
9/15/06James N. Weiss, MDKawata Professor of Medicine & PhysiologyChief, Division of CardiologyDirector, Cardiovascular Research LaboratoryDavid Geffen School of MedicineUCLA(host: Jan Burt)
9/8/06
Student ForumAdonna Rometo
9/1/06E. Fiona Bailey, Ph.D.Research Assistant ProfessorDepartment of PhysiologyCollege of MedicineUniversity of Arizona(host: Andrew Fuglevand)
8/25/06
STUDENT FORUMSEMINARS
Fall 2006 Physiology Seminar Series11:00 a.m. AHSC Room 5403All seminar titles listed here are tentative
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Scientific Literature 1/4
Randall et al. 2002
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Scientific Literature 2/4
Randall et al. 2002
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Scientific Literature 3/4
Randall et al. 2002
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Scientific Literature 4/4
Randall et al. 2002
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Hill et al. Chapter 2
Biochem Blitz
Membranes, Molecules, Signaling, Pathways-highlights and review
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H2O
- Origins of Life- Universal Solvent
- Polar Covalent Bonds
- Dipole
- H bonds between molecules
- high specific heat- transient and weak, but many
- surface tension, cohesiveness
- Density changes
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- membranes
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- hydrophobic
- hydrophilic
-amphipathic moleculese.g., micellesPhospholipid bilayers
In Water:
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Membrane Structure and Composition
1 Phospholipidsbilayer, fluidity
2 Cholesterolstabilizer
3 Proteins- integral- peripheral
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Biological Molecules
1- Lipids
- saturated -> cholesterolNo double bonds in side chains(saturated with hydrogens)~solid at room temperature
- high energy/ gram
Randall et al. 2002
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- phospholipidsMigrating bird?
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Figure 2.2 The structure of membrane phospholipid molecules
Hill et al. 2004
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Figure 2.3 Degree of unsaturation of brain phospholipids in fish varies with habitat temperature
Hill et al. 2004
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Fluid Mosaic Model-Type of lipids-Length of tails-Amount of cholesterol-Amount and type of protein-”Sided”
Protein Structure
Membrane Structure and Composition
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How do scientists come up with the protein conformations such as pictured here:
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5-25 nm thick
Discussion Question
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Biological Molecules
2- Proteins- linear chains of amino acids
- 20 common alpha-amino acids
- amphoteric
- peptide bonds
- polypeptide chains
- 1 °, 2 °, 3 °, 4°
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(carboxyl group)(aminogroup)
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Biological Molecules
- Proteins
- 1 °, 2 °, 3 °, 4°
alpha
beta
-Covalent (strong)-Ionic-H bonds-Van der Waals-Hydrophobic
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Ran
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Box 2.1, Figure A The structural hierarchy of proteins
-linear chains of amino acids
Hill et al. 2004
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Box 2.1, Figure A The structural hierarchy of proteins
-Denaturation-Chaperone Proteins
(e.g., HSPs)
Hill et al. 2004
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Biological Molecules
3- Carbohydrates
- (CH2O)n
- monosaccharides, (disaccharides)
- glucose is common metabolic currency from plants to animals
- glycogen (storage)
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Biological Molecules
4- Nucleic Acids
- pyrimidine (T,C) or - purine (A,G)
-Phosphodiesterlinkages betweenadjacent
- transcription (nucleus)
- translation (ribosome)
DNA -> mRNA
mRNA -> tRNA -> protein(genetic code)
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Mem
bran
e Si
gnal
ing
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Membrane Signaling
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Mem
bran
e Si
gnal
ing
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Mem
bran
e Si
gnal
ing
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Hill et al 2004
2nd Messengers
1 cyclicAMP2 CyclicGMP3 NO4 DAG5 IP36 Calcium
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Amplification
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Water and Movement of Solutes
Vertebrate Physiology 437
Chapter 3
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Junctions between cells
1. Gap ~linked
2. Tight~ impermeable barriers
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Junctions between cells and solute movement
1.
2.
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apical basal
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Solute movement and variability of membrane properties
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Solute movement and subsequent water movement
Osmosis
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Movement Across Membranes
1. Passive Diffusion (= simple diffusion)
2. Passive Transport (= facilitated diffusion)
3. Active Transport
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Transport (pore or carrier)may be highly selective
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Ion Channels
- Ion selectivity
- Voltage-gated channels (e.g., Na+, K+, Ca+)
- Ligand-gated channels etc.
- Leaky channels (e.g., K+)
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-charge-ease of dehydration-size
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Movement Across Membranes
1. Passive Diffusion (= simple diffusion)
- nonpolar/nonelectrolyte
- few H bonds- lipid soluble (steroid hormones)
-rate depends on [ ] gradient
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-No saturation
- ~smaller size
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Fick Equation:
Diffusion
J = D C1-C2
X
J = net rate of diffusionD = diffusion coefficient (depends on permeability and Temp)C1-C2 = [gradient]X = distance separating C1 from C2
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What is a boundary layer?
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Movement Across Membranes
1. Passive Diffusion (= simple diffusion)
2. Passive Transport (= facilitated diffusion)
A. poreB. carrier mediated
Down Electrochemical
gradient
- pores show some saturation,but not as much as carriers
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Movement Across Membranes
1. Passive Diffusion (= simple diffusion)
2. Passive Transport (= facilitated diffusion)
3. Active Transport (1o, 2o)
Na+/K+ ATPase Pump
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Martin Wikelski, Princeton
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Fernandina
K.E.Bonine 2004
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Galapagos Marine Iguana (Iguanidae)
Amblyrhynchus cristatus
El Nino lack of food
Starvation b/c high cost of salt excretion
Animals may lose 15% body length-bone absorption
Only adult vertebrate known to regularly shrink(astronauts?)
Largest animals die-sexual selection-natural selection
(Most efficientsalt glands known in reptiles)
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K.E.Bonine 2004
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49(See Tipsmark et al 2002)
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Movement Across Membranes
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Movement Across Membranes
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Movement Across Membranes
How would you describe this movement across membrane?
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Movement Across Membranes
Most tissues:-Passive transport down [ ] gradient via carrier proteins
In gut:-2o active to move Glu against [ ] gradient into blood from “food”
How does glucose cross membranes?
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Leinhard et al. 1992