lecture 06.1: power & making environments- national ...€¦ · 2015-10-06 · lecture 06.1:...

Architecture 3711:Environmental Design & the Sociocultural Context

Lecture 06.1: Power & Making Environments- National Identity & Classicism

Announcements:

1. Portfolio due this

Thursday

2. Project check-In on

Thursday

3. Interim project reviews in

class next week Rapson

Hall Balconies & Links

All projects to be posted

before class.

Tuesday:North balconies, upstairs and downstairs links

Thursday:S & West balconies and upstairs link)

Culture &

Design as A

Constructing a Thatched Roof in Shirakagawa Japan (photo by JWR, 210)


Lecture 06.1: Power & Making Environments- National Identity & Classicism

I. Introduction

II. Two Approaches To

National Identity Using

Classicism

III. Environments &

Communication• Why is it important that

environments

communicate?

• How do environments

communicate?

IV. Film: Triumph of The

Will- Leni Riefenstahl

V. Exercise & Discussion

How Power is Conveyed

Culture &

Design as A

Constructing a Thatched Roof in Shirakagawa Japan (photo by JWR, 210)


Power Environments-Albert Speer & Adolph Hitler

f Culture & Design as A

Cultural Process

3. Exercise: The Childhood

Dwelling

4. Lecture: The Role of

Environment

in Constructing Identity

5. Western Culture in the

World

Context & an Example of

Adaptation to the

Environment (if time)

As I once stated in 1936, my buildings were not solely intended to express the essence of the National-Socialist movement. They were an integral part of that very movement………Albert Speer

(1978, in Krier, 1985: 213-214)


Power Environments-National Identity- Two Approaches


Approach #`1

Housing the Head of State

The New Chancellory,

Berlin- Albert Speer

1938-39

What do you notice? to the




Adaptation to the


- Space expressing power

- Social hierarchy in built form



Adaptation to the


Power Environments-National Identity- Two Approaches- New Chancellery


Adaptation to the


How do you feel?



Adaptation to the


Attitude toward visitor /citizen ?

Marble Gallery Hall of Light



Adaptation to the


Attitude toward visitor /citizen ?

Power Environments-National Identity- New Chancellery: Hitler’s Study


Adaptation to the


http://deutschlandostmark.blogspot.com/2013/05/troost-and-speer-hitlers-architects

Power Environments-National Identity- New Chancellery: Hitler’s Study


Adaptation to the


Power Environments-National Identity-White House vs New Chancellery

What do you read in these environments about

the relation of the head of state to the people?

White House, Benjamin Latrobe versus New Chancellery, Albert Speer

1807, Washington, DC 1938-39, Berlin



Adaptation to the




Comparative Plan Analysis



Adaptation to the


Comparative Plan Analysis

Entry

Leader’s

Office

Entry

Leader

’s

Office



Adaptation to the


Comparative Plan Analysis:

Distance to leader’s office (est)

Entry

Leader’s

Office

Entry

Leader

’s

Office

1440’ 250’’



Adaptation to the


What



White House- First Floor New Chancellery- First Floor

Overall Depth = 8 Overall Depth = 13

# Spaces =21 # Spaces =110

Mean Depth = 6.2 Mean Depth = 6.58

Office Depth= 7 (near mean) Office Depth= 13 (maximum depth)

Oval Office

Hitler’s StudyComparative Syntax Analysis

Power Environments-White House vs New Chancellery- Exterior Image


Adaptation to the


White House New Chancellery

What do you see as similar and different?

Power Environments-White House vs New Chancellery- Leader’s Office


Adaptation to the


White House- Oval office New Chancellery- Hitler’s Office

816 ft2 x 18.5 ft 3600 ft2 x 30 ft(?)

What are the differences here?

Background to the film : Triumph of the Will?

Berlin-

Speer’s great axis

(project only initiated)Almost 3 miles long

Champs Elysees= 1.2 miles

Berlin to represent

the power of the Third

Reich


Berlin-

Speer’s Great Hall or

Volkshalle (project

Berlin to represent

the power of the Third

Reich


Berlin-

Speer’s Great Hall or

Volkshalle (project)To house 180,000 people

16x the size of St Peter’s

“Hitler would talk enthusiastically

about the farmer who would travel all

the way from the provinces to Berlin,

enter the Great Hall, that gigantic area

of 220 meters high and 250 meters

diameter, and felt literally crushed by

what he saw... That is why Hitler saw

the architecture of assemblies as the

mechanism that would help establish

his domination.”

Albert Speer


Nuremburg

Zeppelinfeld

1934-37

Albert Speer


I must have had the feeling

that it was no affair of mine

when I heard the people

around me declaring an

open season on Jew,

Freemasons, Social

Democrats or Jehovah’s

Witnesses. I thought I was

not implicated if I myself

did not take part.

Albert Speer

Matuhausen

Forced

Labor

Camp


Nuremburg

Zeppelinfeld

1934-37

Albert Speer


Nuremburg

Zeppelinfeld

1934-37

with choreographed

lights & movement

Albert Speer

Film : Triumph of the Will?

Karl Arndt is right to detect Hitler’s desire for power and the submission of others in my buildings. The main character of my architecture expressed this urge. In those years, I believed in the claim to absolute domination and my architecture represented an intimidating display of power, as Georg Friedrich Koch describes in an essay. The National Socialist movement represented more to me than the mere incarnation of political power. It was the fulfillment of claim to dominance over a nation. Every person, if they wanted to survive, had to submit to it.

Albert Speer

Film : Triumph of the Will?

As you watch, please

consider:

RITUALS- What are the

feelings generated by the

activities in the film?

PLACE- What are the

elements of design that

support that feeling (ritual,

place, photography)

CONTEXT- What is the

responsibility of the designer?

Comparison

Power & Environments: Communication


Adaptation to the


Power & Environments: Communication- 4 Premises- [Whiteboard]

1 The designed environment

communicates ideas

2 The language of space & form is

the vehicle for such

communication

3 The designer’s role is to

form/use/modify the spatial

language

4 The designer is therefore

responsible to attend to:

The message

The language

The reception of the language

(or lack thereof) by the

ordinary person (the

public)

n to the Environment (if time)

Power & Environments: Communication- 4 Premises- [Whiteboard]

What is Language in

Environmental Design?

What is an appropriate expressio

of Power?

Who Builds?

How Does Space Become Meaningful? [Whiteboard]

?

Some problems with

meaning in

environments(modified from Bonta p 28)

Interpreter assumes

intentionality

Interpreter does not assume

intentionality

Designer intentionally

sends a message

Message correctly

understood/

Message incorrectly

understood, but designer seen

as responsible

Understood or not, message

seen as inadvertent. Designer

not understood as responsible

Designer does not

intentionally send a

message

Interpreter incorrectly

assumes designer had an idea

and is responsible but

designer does not feel

responsible

Interpretation of a message

seen correctly as inadvertent

Preparation for the Exercise:

How Does Space Become Meaningful? Sources for Communication

2.. Ordinary people’s everyday

interaction in and

understandings of places

3. The history of the place, ordinary

people’s associations with past

experiences and

political ideology

4. Designers ideas about space


1. Ideas and intentions held by

powerful people

2.. Ordinary people’s everyday

interaction in and




experiences and

political ideology




powerful people

2.Physiological Experience

3. Ordinary people’s everyday

interaction in and


4. . The history of the place, ordinary


experiences and

political ideology




powerful people

2. Physiological Experience


interaction in and


4. . The history of the place, ordinary


experiences and

political ideology




powerful people

2. Physiological Experience


interaction in and




experiences and

political ideology




powerful people

2.. Physiological Experience


interaction in and




experiences and

political ideology


How Does Space Become Meaningful? Mechanisms

Lincoln Memorial & Reflecting Pool, Henry Bacon, 1922

Mechanisms

-for transmitting meaning

-for spatialization of ritual,

activities,

Scale & dimensions

Symbolism & Iconography

Historical Reference

Landscape manipulation

Materiality

Hierarchy

Location


Lincoln Memorial & Reflecting Pool, Henry Bacon, 1922

Mechanisms for transmitting

meaning

for spatialization of ritual,

activities,

Scale & dimensions




Materiality

Hierarchy

Location


Lincoln Sculpture, Daniel Chester French, 1922

Mechanisms for transmitting

meaning

for spatialization of ritual,

activities,

Scale & dimensions




Materiality

Hierarchy

Location

How Space is Empowering or Disempowering?

Marin Luther King Washington March, 1963

Findley

Maintaining Hierarchy

Marginalization

Segregation

Colonialization

Globalization

Mapping Territories

Reversal

Subversion

Occupation

Transformation

Role of Economics

Role of Politics

Exercise Preparation- Comparison of the two sites

Zeppelinfeld800m x450m(2624’ x 1480’)

U of M Mall304m x 76m(1000’ x 250’)

Exercise 06.1: Power & Environment- How Power Is Conveyed (in Teams)

Consider how the meaning of Speer’s

Zeppelinfeld (in film) is conveyed in

comparison to the meaning in the

University of Minnesota mall (Coffman to

Northrup.

Use the terms below to identify the particular

design elements that convey meaning and the

mechanism that is used. If you think of a new mechanism, please add it to the list. Draw your conclusion: What

is the difference between the Conveyance of meaning in the two environments?

MECHANISM DESIGN DETAIL OR ELEMENT & MEANING

SPEER U OF M

SCALE & DIMENSION

SYMBOLISM/ ICONOGRAPHY

HISTORICAL REFERENCE

LANDSCAPE MANIPULATION

MATERIALITY

SPATIALIZATION OF RITUAL

HIERARCHY

LOCATION

CONCLUSION:

Lecture 06.1: Power & Making Environments: Take Away

Environments can communicate power

Environments can take away power

Environments can empower people

Clacissism can be used positively or negatively

Designers need to know

when & how to design for power

and empowerment

Lecture 06.1: Power & Making Environments: Sources

REFERENCES

Barthes, Roland. 1964. Elements of Semiology. New York : Hill and WangBonta, Juan P.1979. Architecture and its Interpretation. New York: Rizzoli.Lefebvre, Henri. 1995. The Production of Space, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.De Certeau, Michel. 1984. The practice of Everyday Life, Berkeley: University of California Press.Findley, Lisa. 2005. Building Change: Architecture, Politics & Cultural Agency. London: RoutledgeHayden, Dolores. 1996. ”Urban Landscape History: The Sense of Place and the Politics of Space” in

The Power of Place: Urban Landscapes as Public History. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, pp15-43.Krier, Leon. 1985. "An Architecture of Desire," in Albert Speer Role of classicism in communication

of Nazism in Architecture, 1932-1942. Brussels: Archives d’Architecture Moderne, 217-228.Kroll, Lucien [Trans. Peter Blundell Jones]. 1987 [1983]. An Architecture of Complexity. Cambridge,

MA:MIT Press Roger Moorehouse. 2012 “Gemania: Hitler’s Dream Capital” History Today,Volume 62 Issue 3

March 2. http:// www.historytoday.com/roger-moorhouse/germania-hitlers-dream-capital)Riefenstahl, Leni, Triumph of the Will (Triumph des Willens). 1935. 1992 Film Preserve, Ltd,.Speer, Albert. 1985. “Introduction” in Albert Speer Role of Classicism in Communication of Nazism

in Architecture, 1932-1942. Brussels: Archives d’Architecture Moderne, 213-124.Smith, David Calvert. 1990. Triumph of the Will: A Film by Leni RiefenstahlRichardson, Tex.:

Celluloid Chronicles Press. http://www.geocities.com/emruf4/triumph.htmlTzonis, Alexander, and Liane Lefaivre. 1986. Classical Architecture: The Poetics of Order.

Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.Wise, Michael Z., 1998. Capital dilemma : Germany's search for a new architecture of democracy ,

New York: Princeton Architectural Press Figure: 18Vale, Lawrence, J. 1992. Architecture, Power & National Identity: New Haven: Yale University

Press

lecture 06.1: power & making environments- national ...€¦ · 2015-10-06 · lecture 06.1:...

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