Lecture 1-

Air Transport I

Section 1 Aircraft Types

Section 2 Cargo Handling

Section 3 Cargo Types

Section 4 Payload & Operations

AIR TRANSPORT ILECTURE STRUCTURE

First commercial flights ~ 1910Development of mail services rapidly followedRapid technical innovation over past 80 yearsDriven by development of jet engineThe most expensive of all the transport modesBut the fastest

AIRCRAFT TYPESINTRODUCTION

Cargo area under the passengers - the "belly“

AIRCRAFT TYPESBELLY HOLD FREIGHTERS

Freight carried on the main-deck behind passengersSide loading

Freight also carried in the belly

AIRCRAFT TYPESCOMBI FREIGHTERS

AIRCRAFT TYPESCOMBI FREIGHTERS

Freight carried on the main-deck and / or in the bellyBy nose-loading or via large cargo door

AIRCRAFT TYPESDEDICATED FREIGHTER

BellyCargo area under the passengers - the "belly“

CombiOn the main-deck behind passengers with side loading Also in the belly

Dedicated freighterOn the main-deckIn the bellyBy nose-loading or via large cargo door

AIRCRAFT TYPESBELLY VS DEDICATED FREIGHTER

BellyMakes use of excess payload capacity in passenger aircraftAccess to a large network of airports / routes

Dedicated freighterAccommodates large volumes of freightAccommodates project / oversized cargoAccommodate specialist cargo requirements – temperatureConverted passenger aircraft may be over specified for freightCost of dedicated freighters

AIRCRAFT TYPESBELLY VS DEDICATED FREIGHTER

Passenger designPassenger & belly hold cargoPassenger design – 100% cargo

Passenger variant for freight100% freightLonger bodyLonger range

Dedicated freighter100% freightBespoke freight design - Antnov

AIRCRAFT TYPESAIRCRAFT DESIGN

MD-80

BAe 146

DC-9

737

727

Tu-204

707

DC-8

757-200

A320

AIRCRAFT TYPESSTANDARD BODY < 45T PAYLOAD

767

A300

DC-9

L 1011IL-76 TD

A310

DC 10

787

777

A330

AIRCRAFT TYPESMEDIUM WIDEBODY < 40-80T PAYLOAD

777

MD-11

AN 124

A380F

IL-96T

747

IL 96T

AIRCRAFT TYPESLARGE > 80T PAYLOAD

AIRCRAFT TYPESCOMPARED TO TYPICAL TRUCK

AIRCRAFT TYPESTYPICAL AIRCRAFT PAYLOAD

Aircraft Type Maximum Payload(Tonnes)

Maximum Load Volume(Cubic Metres)

Boeing B767-300F 54 438Lockheed L1011 Tristar 55 420

Douglas DC10 65 451

Boeing MD11 85 600

Ilyushin IL-96 92 580Boeing B747-100 96 585

Boeing B777-300F 103 633

Boeing B747-200 111.5 605Boeing B747-400 120 605

Antonov An-124 120 800

Antonov An-225 250 1100

Source: Handbook of Logistics & Physical Distribution Management

(7 TEU)

(4 TEU)

(18 TEU)

AIRCRAFT TYPESTYPICAL AIRCRAFT COSTS (US$M)

Source: Airbus Price List, January 2011

AIRCRAFT TYPESCONVERSION PASSENGER TO FREIGHTER

Source: Boeing Current Market Outlook 2012 - 2031

Next 20 yearsFleet will double in size

2011 freighter fleet1,740 aircraft

2031 freighter fleet3,200 aircraft

2,760 new freighter aircraft 940 new build1,820 passenger conversions

AIRCRAFT TYPESDEDICATED FREIGHTER

Not yet in service150 tonne payload5,600 nautical milesULD containers & pallets on 3 levels

AIRCRAFT TYPESA380 VARIANT

Section 1 Aircraft Types

Section 2 Cargo Handling

Section 3 Cargo Types

Section 4 Payload & Operations

AIR TRANSPORT ILECTURE STRUCTURE

Unit loads specifically designed for air transportLightweight - aluminiumProfile shape of aircraft hold

Reduces the number of items to be loadedSpeeds up turnaround of aircraft

Based on international standardsDeveloped by IATA (International Air Transport Association)

CARGO HANDLINGDESCRIPTION

Characterised by TypeBase dimensionsPhysical details

ShapeLoad restraintHandling requirements

Two formsPallets

Sheets of aluminiumInclude rims designed to lock onto cargo net

ContainersAlso known as cans and podsUsually made of aluminiumMay have built-in refrigeration units

CARGO HANDLINGFORMS

ULD Pallet

ULD Container

Specialist handling systemsPowered fixed conveying systems of tracks fitted with rollers transport the ULD onto the aircraft and within itCapable of rotating a ULD through 90o to position correctly within the plane

CARGO HANDLINGHANDLING

PoweredRollers

Door

DoorwayLateralGuide

CenterlineConveyorroller

DoorwayPoweredRollers

Lift and position ULD / cargo at hold door

CARGO HANDLINGHANDLING – HI-LOADERS

Larger heavy-lift aircraft may be accessed by front or rear doors that lower to ground level allowing certain cargo to be loaded by fork lift truck

CARGO HANDLINGHANDLING – REAR DOORS

Limited transferability between transport modesLimited ability to stack when on the groundSpecific to aircraft typeEasily damaged with improper handling

CARGO HANDLINGULD CHALLENGES

Airline direct spend on ULD repair is estimated at US$ 150-200 million a year

Section 1 Aircraft

Section 2 Cargo Handling

Section 3 Cargo Types

Section 4 Payload & Operations

AIR TRANSPORT ILECTURE STRUCTURE

Regular mail and parcelsCourier packages

CARGO TYPESMAIL

Door to door movesTime-definite servicesMultimodal networks (air & surface transport)Logistics services and expertise

Shipment tracking Inventory control and JIT supportNext day delivery require night time operation

Modern low noise aircraftLow day time usage (As low as 2 hours)All-cargo operators (scheduled or non-scheduled)

Started as small parcel / document service providers

CARGO TYPESCOURIER

SeafoodFruits and vegetablesCut flowers

CARGO TYPESPERISHABLE CARGOES

520% more expensive to ship by air

CARGO TYPESCASE STUDY – ICE CREAM

Shipment method from Australia Quantity Total freight cost ($)

20’ FCL (Reefer) to Shanghai, China

2340 x 5 litre tubs780 cartons (3 x 5 litre tubs)

Via sea: $3,423.83($1.46 per tub)

RKN to Shanghai, China

288 x 5 litre tubs96 cartons (3 x 5 litre tubs)

Via air: $2,180.00 ($7.57 per tub)

UKAir freight represents 40% of non EU trade by value

Example: Aquarium live fish trade50% of final sales price = transport costRetail value of US$2m per tonne

CARGO TYPESCASE STUDY - UK

Manufactured goods54%

Food & livestock13%

Raw materials8%

Metals4%

Chemicals2%

Pharmaceuticals & healthcare

products2%

Other17%

Gold, jewellery, currency, artworksElectronic componentsFashion garments, footwearPharmaceuticalsLuxury vehicles

CARGO TYPESHIGH VALUE, LOW DENSITY SHIPMENTS

GarmentsInputs for JIT manufacturing

CARGO TYPESRAPID REPLENDISHMENT ITEMS

Large loadsOil & gas equipmentMining equipment

Unusual loadsAnimals

CARGO TYPESPROJECT CARGO

Spare partsMedicinesCourier shipments of documents and samplesHumanitarian aid

CARGO TYPESEMERGENCY CARGOES

CARGO TYPESHUMANITARIAN AID

Wide variety of cargosTime sensitiveHigh value

Transport cargo over long distancesRapidReliableLow risk of damageVery expensive

Freight rate by kg rather than tonCan accommodate unexpected peaks in demand quickly

CARGO TYPESGENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

Section 1 Aircraft Types

Section 2 Cargo Handling

Section 3 Cargo Types

Section 4 Payload & Operations

AIR TRANSPORT IUNIT STRUCTURE

Cruising altitudeAltitude where an aeroplane spends most of its flight

Most economic altitudeInfluenced by

Aircraft weightSize of planeWeather

WindOutside temperature

PAYLOAD & OPERATIONSTYPICAL FLIGHT PROFILE

Take-off

Cruising Altitude

Landing

Climb (Ascent)

Descent (Approach)

Maximum gross weight allowed at the start of the take-offTheoretical design maximum per aircraft type

PAYLOAD & OPERATIONSMAXIMUM TAKE-OFF WEIGHT (MTOW)

Cruising Altitude

MTOW

PAYLOAD & OPERATIONSOPERATIONAL TAKE-OFF WEIGHT

Operational Take-off Weight will be less than MTOW for a number of

reasons

Long runway

Take-off clearance

Short runway

PAYLOAD & OPERATIONSMAXIMUM LANDING WEIGHT

Runway length, type

Local geographical conditions

Weight of the empty aircraft plus standard itemsManufacturer’s Empty Weight (MEW)

Airframe, systemsStandard Items

Emergency oxygen, oil and water in closed systems

PAYLOAD & OPERATIONSBASIC EMPTY WEIGHT

Source: www.boeing.com

Manufacturers Empty Weight

Standard ItemsBasic Empty Weight

Wei

ght

Weight of the empty aircraft plus emergency, standard and operational items (crew, manuals, life saving equipment)

Manufacturer’s Empty Weight (MEW)Standard ItemsOperational Items

Cabin crew & equipmentManuals and navigation equipmentLife rafts, emergency transmitters

PAYLOAD & OPERATIONSOPERATIONAL EMPTY WEIGHT

Manufacturers Empty Weight

Operational ItemsStandard Items

Wei

ght

Operational Empty Weight

Basic Empty Weight

Source: www.boeing.com

Maximum weight allowed at the start of the take-offOperational Empty WeightPayloadFuel

Actual weight influenced byLocal conditionsAircraft structurePayload weightDistance to travel

Fuel required

PAYLOAD & OPERATIONSMAXIMUM TAKE-OFF WEIGHT (MTOW)

Source: www.boeing.com

Flight fuelFuel requirements for the flight

Reserve (contingency) fuelFuel required for additional flying time

Airport delaysMissed approachDiversion to alternative airport

PAYLOAD & OPERATIONSCATEGORIES OF FUEL

Flight Reserv es

Flight range (distance) variablesPayloadFuel

PAYLOAD & OPERATIONSCASE STUDY

Source: www.boeing.com

PAYLOAD & OPERATIONSAIRBUS BELUGA

Reduced manoeuvrabilityTake-off

Higher take-off speedsLonger take-off runReduced rate and angle of climb

Cruising altitudeLower maximum altitudeReduced cruising speed

RangeShorter rangeMore fuel required

LandingHigher landing speedExcessive weight on nose wheel

PAYLOAD & OPERATIONSIMPACT OF WEIGHT

PAYLOAD & OPERATIONSWEIGHT SAVINGS …

Washing engines - reduces engine fuel burn (consumption) by up to 1.2%

New paints weigh 10-20% less – save 136kg paint per

aircraft

New economy seats 4kg lighter than average

economy seats

Korean Air - ULD Containers made of advanced composite panels and approximately 40% lighter than normal ones

PAYLOAD & OPERATIONSWEIGHT SAVINGS …