lecture 1 introduction to anatomy. methods & types of anatomy 1. microscopic: with magnification...
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LECTURE 1Introduction to Anatomy
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Methods & Types of Anatomy
1. Microscopic: with magnificationa. cytology: internal structure of cells
“cyto” = cell“ology” = study of
b. histology: study of tissues2. Developmental: changes in form between conception and maturity
-both microscopic and gross anatomy-early months = “embryology”
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Methods & Types of Anatomy
3. Comparative: anatomical organization of different animal types-may reflect evolutionary relationships or divergencee.g. vertebrates - share several characteristics found in Phylum Chordata
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4. Gross: visible to unaided eye-approaches: a) surfaceb) regional - superficial + internal structures
within a defined area of the bodyc) systemic - structure of major organ systems as a whole-organs function together to produce coordinated
effects
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11 organ systems
1. skeletal2. articular3. muscular4. digestive5. respiratory6. urinary7. reproductive8. circulatory9. nervous10. integumentary11. endocrine
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Regional Anatomy: the abdomen and pelvis -division of abdominopelvic region into 4 quadrants
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-however - can divide further into 9 abdominopelvic regions
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Organizational Levels
1. Atomic – elemental composition: 4 major elements within the body- C, N, O and H (99% of the total number of atoms within the body)
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Organizational Levels
2) Molecular - molecular composition of the body using these atoms
- 67% of our bodies is water
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3. Cellular level
4. Tissue level
5. Organismal level: reflects interactions among organ systems-when functioning normally the internal environment is relatively stable at all levels (i.e. cellular, tissue etc...)-this state is known as “homeostasis”
“homeo” = unchanging“stasis” = standing
-each level is related-e.g. changes in chemical level may affect the activityof the cell which in turn affects the tissue etc....
Organizational Levels
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Language of Anatomy
• Anatomical landmarks:-anatomical position: erect
-lying down face up = supine-lying down face down = prone
****all landmarks must be considered with respect to anatomical position****
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Anatomical directions
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Anatomical Planes & Sections
-transverse plane: right angles to the long axis of the body at the umbilicus-divides into superior & inferior sections-any section along this plane = transverse section
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-frontal or coronal plane: parallel to the long axis-divides into anterior and posterior regions-any section along this plane = coronal section
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-sagittal plane: parallel to the long axis -divides into right and left regions-any section along this plane = sagittal section-into even R & L halves = midsagittal section
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Body Cavities:
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Body Cavities: