Lecture 1Introduction to

Containerization

Section 1 Pre-containerisation

Section 2 Mechanisation & Containerisation

INTRODUCTION TO CONTAINERISATIONUNIT STRUCTURE

PRE-CONTAINERISATIONCLIPPERS 1850+

PRE-CONTAINERISATIONTWEENDECKERS 1930+

PRE-CONTAINERISATIONMODERN TWEENDECKER

STOWAGEPlacing cargo in a ship in preparation for a voyageProvides for safety of shipProtect cargoOptimise storage spaceAllows easy access to cargo at port of unloading (discharge)

Term useMay be used for any form of cargo

Drybulk, liquid, breakbulk, container, ro-roMay be used for any form of transport mode

Sea, air, road, rail

PRE-CONTAINERISATIONGENERAL CARGO - STOWAGE

PortD

PortC

PortG

At Port E cargo is unloaded fromPort APort BPort CPort D

At Port F cargo is unloaded fromPort APort BPort CPort D

At Port G cargo is unloaded fromPort APort BPort CPort D

At Port H cargo is unloaded fromPort APort BPort CPort D

PRE-CONTAINERISATIONSHIP WENT TO CARGO DESTINATION

PortH

PortA

PortB

PortE

PortF

OriginPort

DestinationPort

Export Import

DIRECT PORT CALL

PRE-CONTAINERISATIONPORT TO PORT SHIPMENTS

TreadwheelsHuman power to lift cargoFrom about 1500sCapacity 2 to 3 tons

1745 (top picture)Oestricher Kran, Oestrich, GermanyWine-loading craneBuilt 1745Working until 1926Treadwheel worked by 4 men

1900s (lower picture)Hand worked crane

PRE-CONTAINERISATIONHARBOUR CRANES – MANUAL POWER

PRE-CONTAINERISATIONLOADING TEA – 1870s

Fairbairn Steam Crane Built in 1878

Cost £3,600 for the machineryWeighed 120 tons2 steam powered engines

Turning Lifting

Enclosed cab for operatorCapacity

Could lift up to 35 tons (35.56 tonnes)Outreach 11mHeight 12m

UseDesigned for ship engine repairBy 1890 outdated

Ships large for craneRemained in use until late 1940sStill working today

PRE-CONTAINERISATIONSTEAM POWERED HARBOUR CRANES

Electric rail mounted cranesFirst built in 1892Southampton Dock AuthorityReduced cost (central power source)No start up delaysLighter construction

Raised in air - work under legsMounted on wheelsMoved along quay wallMoved along ship whilst working

CapacityCargo terminals - 3 tonsShip yards – up to 30 tons

PRE-CONTAINERISATIONELECTRIC HARBOUR CRANES

Lifting cargoVertical movement of cargo

Level luffing (luffing cranes)Horizontal movement of cargoLevel = at same vertical height

SlewingRotational movement of cargo

PRE-CONTAINERISATIONCRANE TERMINOLOGY

LuffingSlewing (rotating)

Also known as luffing cranesWhen moving cargo horizontally the cargo is kept at the same heightCommon type of port crane

PRE-CONTAINERISATIONLEVEL LUFFING HARBOUR CRANES

Single mast or poleControlled by lines (usually 4)

Each line has different origin locationDoes not use counterweightsProvides stability to crane

Hinged freely at the bottomPole can move in all 4 directionsCables and pulleysVery free movement

PRE-CONTAINERISATIONGEARED SHIPS - DERRICK CRANES

Projecting arm which is pivoted to allow it to be raised or loweredBarkald

4 pedestal jib cranesCapacity

30 tonnes20 cubic metres

PRE-CONTAINERISATIONGEARED SHIPS - JIB CRANE

PRE-CONTAINERISATIONSHIP – QUAY – SHED - ROAD

British ports in 1961Total of 150,000 people employed in docks

53,500 were registered dockers employed per day16,500 were registered dockers employed per week

Port of London1967 = 20,923 dock workers1968 = 18,424 dock workers1969 = 16,560 dock workers

Registered dockers in Britain1967 there was 60,0001975 there was 32,0001989 reduced to 10,000

PRE-CONTAINERISATIONTHOUSANDS OF DOCKERS

PRE-CONTAINERISATIONDOCKER TOOLS

Britain (Rochdale Report)On average 46 deaths per year in British docks

1967 Port of London (National Association of Port Employers)Injuries per 1000 workers 129

13% of workers suffered an injuryOf all injuries 28% were spinal (back injuries)

Total of 2,700 injuriesManual handling 709 workersFalling objects 613 workersSlipping over 317 workersMechanical equipment 292 workersCaused by stepping 273 workersFalling from a height 116 workersHit by swinging load 109 workersHandling beams & hatches 40 workersCaused by hand hooks 22 workersOther 209 workers

Le Havre in early 1960s 6,000 accidents every year26 to 48 fatalities every year

PRE-CONTAINERISATIONFREQUENT ACCIDENTS

Section 1 Pre-containerisation

Section 2 Mechanisation & Containerisation

INTRODUCTION TO CONTAINERISATIONUNIT STRUCTURE

MECHANISATION & CONTAINERISATIONEARLY MECHANISATION – FORK LIFT

MECHANISATION & CONTAINERISATIONSTILL DEPENDENT ON CRANE HOOK

MECHANISATION & CONTAINERISATIONUSE OF DOCK PALLETS

MECHANISATION & CONTAINERISATIONCONVERSION TO CONTAINERS

MECHANISATION & CONTAINERISATIONCONVERSION TO CONTAINERS

MECHANISATION & CONTAINERISATIONDEDICATED CONTAINER TERMINALS

MECHANISATION & CONTAINERISATIONSPECIALISED A FRAME GANTRY CRANES

MECHANISATION & CONTAINERISATIONFULL MECHANISATION – SHIP TO GATE

MECHANISATION & CONTAINERISATIONINTERMODAL TECHNOLOGY