lecture 1 introduction to electronics rabie a. ramadan [email protected]
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Lecture 1
Introduction to Electronics Introduction to Electronics
Rabie A. [email protected]
http://www.rabieramadan.org/classes/2014/electronics/
![Page 2: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Welcome Back
![Page 3: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Class Organization
3
• Attendance is very important
• Assignments
• Projects
![Page 4: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Class Rules
• I am not here to punish you
• Trust yourself and do your best
I want you to learn and compete with others working on the same field
• I want you to be confident when you speak with others
![Page 5: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Textbooks
5
![Page 6: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Class Format
6
• Some presentations by myself
• Q& A in class
• Quick questions in class to be answered
![Page 7: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Topics to be Covered next few Lectures
7
• That electronic circuits process signals, and thus understanding electrical signals is essential
• The Thevenin and Norton representations of signal sources.
• The representation of a signal as the sum of sine waves.
• The analog and digital representations of a signal.
• The most basic and pervasive signal-processing function: signal amplification, and correspondingly, the signal amplifier.
• How amplifiers are characterized (modeled) as circuit building blocks independent of their internal circuitry.
• How the frequency response of an amplifier is measured, and how it is calculated, especially in the simple but common case of a single-time constant (STC) type response.
![Page 8: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Introduction • Microelectronics refers to the integrated-circuit (IC) integrated-circuit (IC)
technology. technology.
• Contains hundreds of millions of components in a small piece of silicon (known as a silicon chip) whose area is on the order of 100 mm2.
![Page 9: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Applications
![Page 10: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Introduction • One such microelectronic circuit is a complete digital computer, complete digital computer,
which accordingly is known as a microcomputera microcomputer or, more generally, a microprocessor.
• We shall study electronic devices that can be used singly (in the design of discrete circuits) or as components of an integrated-circuit (IC) chip.
• We shall study the design and analysis design and analysis of interconnectionsinterconnections of these devices.
• We shall also learn about available IC chips and their application in the design of electronic systems.
![Page 11: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Introduction • Today we will learn about signals and about one of
the most important signal-processing functions electronic circuits are designed to perform, namely, signal amplification.
![Page 12: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Signals
• Signals contain information about things and activities around us in the physical world.
• Information about the weather including temperature , humidity, wind speed , etc.
• The voice of radio announcer in the microphone is a signal.
![Page 13: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Signals • To extract required information from a set “signals” ,
there are some “processingprocessing” .
• Usually the processingprocessing done by “electronic “electronic systems”.systems”.
• To do so, the signal must be first converted to electrical signals , voltage or currentelectrical signals , voltage or current.
• This conversion is done by “transducerstransducers “
![Page 14: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Transducers • A variety of transducers exist .
• Each type of suitable for special type of physical signal.
• Sound wave Sound wave generated by human is converted into electrical signals using microphonemicrophone .
![Page 15: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Transducers
• We are not interested are not interested in transducers by themselves.
• We will assume that the signals are already exist in a form of voltage or current.
![Page 16: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Thevenin Form
• The signal is represented by Vs(t)
• Source resistance Rs
![Page 17: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Norton Form
• The signal is represented by current source is (t)
• Source resistance Rs
![Page 18: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Source Resistance
• Rs in Thevenin preferred to be low
• Rs in Notron preferred to be High
![Page 19: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Relation between the two forms
![Page 20: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Voltage Divider Rule
![Page 21: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Example
![Page 22: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Example
![Page 23: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Problem
![Page 24: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Hint
![Page 25: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Current Divider Rule
![Page 26: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Example
![Page 27: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Example
![Page 28: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Example
![Page 29: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Problem
![Page 30: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Hint
![Page 31: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Just Smile
Slide 2- 31
![Page 32: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Thevenin – V0 Computation at RL
• Rs is the source resistance
• RL is load resistance
• Compute the load voltage V0 ?
![Page 33: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Thevenin – V0 Computation at RL
![Page 34: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Norton Compute i0
![Page 35: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Exerciseshttp://people.clarkson.edu/~jsvoboda/eta/dcWorkout/thevenin.pdf
![Page 36: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Slide 2- 36
![Page 37: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Signals and Time
• The signal can be represented by Time-Varying quantity as follows:
![Page 38: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Frequency Spectrum of Signals• An extremely useful characterization of a Signal, and for that
matter of any arbitrary function of time, IS In terms of its frequency spectrum.
• Such a description of signals is obtained through the mathematical tools of Fourier series and Fourier transform.
• Suffice it to say that they provide the means for representing a voltage signal Vs(t) or a current signal is(t) as the sum of sine-wave signals of different frequencies and amplitudes.
![Page 39: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Frequency Spectrum of Signals
• This makes the sine wave a very important signal in the analyses, design, and testing of electronic circuits
![Page 40: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Frequency Spectrum of Signals
![Page 41: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Analog and Digital Signals
• Analog Signals – Handled by analog Circuits
![Page 42: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Analog and Digital Signals
• Digital Signals:– Signals are represented in a form of numbers
– Each number represents a signal magnitude at an instance of time.
![Page 43: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
From Analog to Digital
• Sampling
![Page 44: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
From Analog to Digital • The signal is no longer continuous like in its analog form
• It is said Io be quantized discretized or digitized
![Page 45: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Important Note
![Page 46: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Important Note
![Page 47: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Important Note • If we use N binary digits (bits) to represent each
sample of the analog signal. then the digitized sample value can be expressed as
• b0 is the Least Significant Bit (LSB)
• bN-1 is the Most Significant Bit (MSB)
![Page 48: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Analog to-digital converter ( A/D or ADC)
• increasing the number of bits reduces the quantization error and increases the resolution of the analog-to-digital conversion.
• however, usually mobtained at the expense of more complex and hence more costly circuit implementations
![Page 49: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Exercise
![Page 50: Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronics Rabie A. Ramadan rabieramadan@gmail.com](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56649e145503460f94afe61e/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)