lecture 1- introduction to textile

04/21/2023JD Institute of Fashion Technology (KITE), Raipur

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LECTURE 1INTRODUCTION TO TEXTILES


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Fabrics Fibers Natural fibers Regenerated fibers Synthetic fibers

Key Terms


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The history of fibres is as old as human civilization. Traces of

natural fibres have been located to ancient civilizations all over the globe. For many thousand years, the usage of fiber was

limited by natural fibres such as flax, cotton, silk, wool and plant fibres for different applications.

Fibers can be divided into natural fibres and man-made or

chemical fibres. Flax is considered to be the oldest and

the most used natural fibre since ancient times 5

TEXTILE:• originally applied to woven fabrics• now generally applied to any flexible material

that is composed of:• thin films of polymers • fibers, yarns, or fabrics• products made of films, fibers, yarns or

fabrics

POLYMER:• very large molecule made by connecting many

small molecules together• almost all fibers are polymers made of organic

materials• some polymers are formed into thin films and

used as textiles• EXAMPLE: vinyl upholstery is a film, often

applied to a more traditional textile knit or woven material for added durability

FIBER:• natural or manufactured• smallest component—hairlike in nature—that

can be separated from a fabric• can be:• absorbent—cotton or rayon• stretchy—spandex• warm & bulky—wool• very strong & abrasion resistant—nylon or

polyester

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Natural Fibers = Fibers that come from animals (wool, silk etc.), plants (cotton, flax, hemp, jute etc.) or mineral material(asbestos).Synthetic Fibers = Man-made fibers or artificial fibers which is usually comes from chemical agents.

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Staple Fibers = Fibers from natural or synthetic fibers which were cut into short fibers. Normally, natural fibers are staple fibers (expected silk fibers). These fibers have 5-500 millimeters long.


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Filament Fibers = Fibers from natural or synthetic fibers which have infinite length. Silk Fibers are the only one natural fibers classified in this definition since their length between 700-1500 meters depending to their races.

YARN:• assemblage of fibers• twisted or laid together to form a continuous

strand that can be made into a textile fabric• can be used to make fabric:• smooth & slick—satin• soft & fuzzy—brushed denim


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• Spun Yarns = The yarns that come form staple fibers.

• Filament Yarns = The yarns that come from filament fibers (mono-filaments and multi-filaments)

FABRIC:• The products of weaving, knitting or non-woven

processes. Normally, fabrics have a certain thickness and can withstand tear and tensile forces.

• range from:• lightweight and sheer—chiffon• heavy and sturdy—denim• rigid and firm—carpeting


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NATURAL FIBERS


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MAN MADE FIBERSREGENERATED FIBERS


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SYNTHETIC FIBERS


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RUBBER FIBRE

Rubber is an elastic hydrocarbon polymer that naturally occurs as a milky colloidal suspension, or latex, in the sap of some plants.

The manufacturing process consists of extruding the natural rubber latex into a coagulating bath to form filament.the material is cross linked to obtain fibres which exhibit high stretch

It can be synthesized.

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Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of isoprene units, a hydrocarbon diene monomer.

Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of oprene or various other monomers

The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer .

Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties.

Inorganic Fibres

Glass – Silica sand, lime stone and other minerals

Ceramic – Alumina, Silica and Graphite fibres - Carbon

Metallic fibres- Aluminium, silver, gold and stainless steel

GLASS FIBRE

It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass. Glass fiber is formed when thin strands of silica-based or other formulation glass is extruded into many fibers with small diameters suitable for textile processing

it has a high degree of viscosity The basis of

textile grade glass fibers is silica, SiO2

. In its pure form it exists as a polymer, (SiO2)n.

In order to induce crystallization, it must be heated to temperatures above 1200°C for long periods of time. 58

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The first type of glass used for fiber was soda-lime glass or A glass which was not very resistant to alkali. A new type, E-glass was Glass fibers are useful because of their high ratio of surface area to weight. However, the increased surface area makes them much more susceptible to chemical attack.

By trapping air within them, blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products.

it has a good thermal insulation, with a thermal conductivity of 0.05 W/m-K.

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Because glass has an amorphous structure, its properties are the same along the fiber and across the fiber.

Humidity is an important factor in the tensile strength. Moisture is easily adsorbed, and can worsen microscopic cracks and surface defects, and lessen tenacity.

It has no effect on exposure to sunlight even after extended periods.

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METALLIC FIBRES Metallic fibers are

manufactured fibers composed of metal, plastic-coated metal, metal-coated plastic, or a core completely covered by metal. Gold and silver have been used since ancient times as yarns for fabric decoration. More recently, aluminum yarns, aluminized plastic yarns, and aluminized nylon yarns have replaced gold and silver.

They are made through laminating process.

Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing.

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When suitable adhesives and films are used, they are not affected by salt water, chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions.

If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned.

Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron, especially at high tempatures, can melt the fibers.

They are used mainly for decorative purposes.


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THANK YOU

lecture 1- introduction to textile

Documents

silk fibers

staple fibers

manmade fibers

raipur17natural fibers

raipur11filament fibers

artificial fibers

short fibers

films of polymers fibers