METE 227 INTRODUCTION

Dr. BLGE MER

METALLURGICAL & MATERIALS ENGINEERING

RESEARCH AREAS

MATERIAL AGES

Materials

Metals Polymers Ceramics Composites

Materials can be classified according to structural, physical, electrical, optical and magnetic properties, area of use, etc. All these properties are closely related with

bonding type and energies between atoms.

However if a group of material shows close resemblance in all properties we can classify them in one category. So according to this: Metals, Polymers, Ceramics and

Composites can be the general classification of materials.

MATERIALS

WORLD STEEL PRODUCTION

THE MERIT OF DEVELOPMENT

METALS

CERAMICS

POLYMERS

COMPOSITES

ADVANCED MATERIALS

Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

Andre Geim Konstantin Novoselov

ADVANCED MATERIALS

Biomedical Materials and Implants

ADVANCED MATERIALS

MEMS (Micro-Electrical- Mechanical Systems)

ADVANCED MATERIALS

To see a World in a Grain of Sand And a Heaven in a Wild Flower, Hold Infinity in the palm of your hand And Eternity in an hour. W. Blake, 1757-1827

ADVANCED MATERIALS

NANO MATERIALS

NANO MATERIALS

is the investigation of the relationship among processing, structure, properties and performance of materials.

MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

AUTOMOTIVE CHASSIS

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MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

What is Materials Science and Engineering ?

is the investigation of the relationship among processing, structure, properties and performance of materials.

MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

MATERIAL RECYCLING & ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

MATERIAL RECYCLING

ENVIRONMENT: MATERIAL INPUT & OUTPUT

1. Pick Application Determine required Properties

2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)

3. Material Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping forming, joining, annealing.

Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, deteriorative.

Material: structure, composition.

MATERIAL SELECTION PROCESS

ex: hardness vs structure of steel

Data obtained from Figs. 10.21(a)

and 10.23 with 4wt%C composition,

and from Fig. 11.13 and associated

discussion, Callister 6e. Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig.

10.10; (b) Fig. 9.27;(c) Fig. 10.24;

and (d) Fig. 10.12, Callister 6e.

ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel

Processing can change structure

Cooling Rate (C/s)

100

200

300

400

500

600

0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

(a)

30m

(b)

30m

(d)

30m(c)

4m

Ha

rdn

es

s (

BH

N)

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES & APPLICATIONS

Electrical Resistivity of Copper:

Adding impurity atoms to Cu increases resistivity.

Deforming Cu increases resistivity.

Adapted from Fig. 18.8, Callister 6e. (Fig. 18.8 adapted from: J.O. Linde,

Ann Physik 5, 219 (1932); and C.A. Wert and R.M. Thomson,

Physics of Solids, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill Company, New York,

1970.)

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES & APPLICATIONS

Space Shuttle Tiles:

--Silica fiber insulation

offers low heat conduction.

Thermal Conductivity of Copper:

--It decreases when you add zinc!

Fig. 19.0, Callister 6e. (Courtesy of Lockheed

Missiles and Space

Company, Inc.)

Adapted from

Fig. 19.4W, Callister 6e. (Courtesy of Lockheed Aerospace

Ceramics Systems,

Sunnyvale, CA)

Adapted from Fig. 19.4, Callister 6e. (Fig. 19.4 is adapted from Metals Handbook: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous alloys and Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker, (Managing Editor), American Society for

Metals, 1979, p. 315.)

THERMAL PROPERTIES & APPLICATIONS

Magnetic Permeability vs. Composition:

--Adding 3 atomic % Si

makes Fe a better

recording medium!

Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, and

A.S. Tetelman, The Principles of Engineering Materials, Fig. 1-7(a), p. 9, 1973. Electronically reproduced

by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.,

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

Fig. 20.18, Callister 6e. (Fig. 20.18 is from J.U. Lemke, MRS Bulletin, Vol. XV, No. 3, p. 31, 1990.)

Magnetic Storage:

--Recording medium

is magnetized by

recording head.

MAGNETIC PROPERTIES & APPLICATIONS

Transmittance:

--Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or

opaque depending on the material structure.

Adapted from Fig. 1.2,

Callister 6e. (Specimen preparation,

P.A. Lessing; photo by J.

Telford.)

single crystal

polycrystal:

low porosity

polycrystal:

high porosity

OPTICAL PROPERTIES & APPLICATIONS

INTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (Ch.1) (1/2 week) ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND INTERATOMIC BONDING (Ch.2) (1 week) Atomic Models, Primary and Secondary Interatomic Bonds THE STRUCTURE OF CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS (Ch.3) (3/2 weeks) Crystal Structures, Crystallographic Directions and Planes IMPERFECTIONS IN SOLIDS (Ch.4) (1 week) Point, Linear, Interfacial and Bulk Defects ATOMIC DIFFUSION (Ch.5) (1 week) Diffusion mechanisms, steady state, non-steady state diffusion MECHANICAL PROPERTIES of METALS (Ch.6) (1 week) Elastic Deformation, Plastic Deformation

COURSE CONTENT

DISLOCATIONS and STRENGTHENING MECHANISMS (Ch.7) (2 weeks) Dislocations and deformation, slip systems, deformation of polycrystalline materials, Strengthening mechanisms in metals, strain hardening FAILURE (Ch.8) (2 weeks) Fracture, fracture mechanics, Fatigue, Crack initiation, Creep CORROSION and DEGRADATION of MATERIALS (Ch.17) (2 weeks) Corrosion of metals, corrosion rates, Environmental effects, Forms of corrosion, Oxidation THERMAL PROPERTIES (Ch.19) (1 week) Thermal expansion, Heat capacity, Thermal conductivity, Thernal stresses, OPTICAL PROPERTIES (Ch.21) (1 week) Opacity, Translucency, Transparency, Refraction, Reflection, Absorption, Transmission Color, Luminescence, Photoconductivity, Lasers, Optical Fibers

COURSE CONTENT

MetE 229

Subatomic level (Ch 2) Electronic structure of individual atoms that defines interaction among atoms (interatomic bonding).

Atomic level (Chs 2 & 3) Arrangement of atoms in materials (for the same atoms can have different properties, e.g. two forms of carbon: graphite and diamond)

Microscopic structure (Ch. 4) Arrangement of small grains of material that can be identified by microscopy. Macroscopic structure Structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye.

Imperfections in Solids

BONDING +

STRUCTURE +

DEFECTS

PROPERTIES

Is it enough to know bonding and

structure of materials to estimate their

macro properties ?

Defects do have a significant impact on the

properties of materials

COMPLETE DEVICE RESEARCH FLOWCHART

PERIODIC TABLE

Basal c-plane

Configuration of Ga and N atoms in wurtzite unit cell

Crystal Planes

GaN

UV Solar Blind

WAVELENGTH RANGE

Display & Solid State Lighting Technologies

Space & Energy Technologies

Bio & Medical Technologies

Marine Science & Water purification

Media Storage Technologies

Defense Technologies

III-NITRIDES APPLICATION AREA

Source: UCSB Engineering Insights 2006, Steven P. DenBaars

GLOBAL WARMING/ENERGY SAVING POTENTIAL

MBE Molecular Beam Epitaxy

MOCVD Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Phase Deposition

HVPE Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy

EPITAXIAL GaN GROWTH

Improving a device