Lecture 1 – OverviewIs Nano a hype or the future?

EECS 598-002 Winter 2006Nanophotonics and Nano-scale Fabrication

P.C.Ku

2EECS 598-002 Nanophotonics and Nanoscale Fabrication by P.C.Ku

Nano!

Okay… you open a newspaper or magazine, turn on the TV, surf the internet, go to supermarket, and you pretty much be sure will hear the word nano popped up somewhere in the news and products. You started to feel excitement (and at times, suspicion, fear, or even sick) in your hearts.

Now you come to this course on double nano’s and your feeling is even stronger. You wonder why all of a sudden everything is nano’ed. Does it make any difference?

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What is nanotechnology?

Your nameYour backgroundWhat do you think the nanotechnology is?What’s your feeling about it? Are you working on nano? What field?

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About your instructor…

Name: Pei-Cheng (P.C.) KuBackground: Optoelectronics in graduate school (UC Berkeley EECS) and lithography at Intel D2 Research until mid-October last year.Leverage nanotechnogy in solving optoelectronic problems with no good solutions yet.I feel excited about this. (sure… otherwise I won’t be here ) InAs

QDGaAs GaAs

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What is nanotechnology?

Your nameYour backgroundWhat do you think the nanotechnology is?What’s your feeling about it? Are you working on nano? What field?

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What is nanophotonics

Photonics – Study or the use of light-matter interaction. For example, the study of the interaction between light and electrons in ruby crystal leads to the first laser.

Nanophotonics – Study or use of photonics in nanoscalematerials or technologies.

For example optical properties of quantum dotsFor example the use of photonics in nanoscale CMOS processing or nano-resolution microscopy.

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Some facts about nanophotonics market

Technology advancement has made nanostructure manufacturing possible. Near-term nanotechnology applications all involve photonics:

MaterialsBiomedicineMolecular electronics (including displays)Energy (e.g. solar cells and fuel cells)Information technologies

Nanophotonics market (not including IT section) opportunities > $33B (estimated*) and > 100 companies offering or developing nanophotonics products

* Data from Strategies Unlimited, Mountain View, CA (1995)

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The journey to nano…

Top-down(Miniaturization)

Bottom-up

Nanotechnology

- Electronics circuits (IC)- Photonics (e.g. lasers)

- Putting small things together- Individual manipulationof atoms and molecules

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IC scaling in the next 15 years

e.g. Wei Lu’scourse on nanoelectronics

ITRS = International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors

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Photonics v.s. electronics miniaturizationelectronics

photonics

Some images are from Wikipedia.com

time

From Intel

PlasmonsNanoparticlesNanowires

?

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Challenges we are facing…

When an existing and established technology experiences a bottleneck, we move on by…

Living with it and outsourcing to reduce the costIntroducing new technologies to replace the current technology

Needs to be feasible, manufacturable, and provide a cost-effective, extendable (scalable) solution.

Introducing new technologies to improve the current technology

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In addition to miniaturization…

Technology is meant to improve our life experience and fulfill our curiosity for exploration.

In addition to making the device smaller and smaller, we also need to focus on several key parameters:

Human interface (portability, accessibility, etc)Multi-functionality (e.g. SOC-MT)Lower power consumptionGreen manufacturing

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Is nano a hype or the future?

06 08 10 12 year 06 08 10 12 year

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Nanophotonics Applications

A few examples of the future applications from nanophotonics:

DisplaySunscreenNanobarcodeCMOS integration (silicon photonics)Quantum dot lasersNear field optical microscopyNanolithographyBiosensing

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Sunscreen

Zinc oxide nanoparticles have strong UV absorption.

From AppliedNanoWorks website

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Nanobarcode

Science 294 (2001) 137

Applications in achieving fast andlarge amount ofbioassays.

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Silicon photonics

From Intel Silicon Photonics Group

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Quantum dot lasers

g(E) = Density of states

Eg E

g(E)

Eg E

g(E)

Eg E

g(E)

Eg E

g(E)

bulk sheet wire dot

3D 2D 1D 0D

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Display

CNT TV demo

IEEE Spectrum, Sep 2003.

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Near field optical microscopy

From NIST website.

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Biosensing

Prof. Kopelman’s group(Univ. of Michigan)

Course information

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Level the course

Recommended for graduate students or senior-level undergraduates who are interested in knowing more about photonics and nano-scale fabrication.

Pre-requisite:Although all the important theories and concepts will be reviewed, we still recommend the following:

Required: Undergraduate level EM waves, optics and quantum mechanics; basic solid states and freshman level chemistry; Recommended but not required: Semiconductor devices, lasers, and IC processing.

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Course syllabus and other informationOffice hours

TTh 3:45-5 pm at 2417G EECS or by appointment (peicheng@umich.edu; (734) 764-7134)

Course website (supplemental notes will be posted here)http://www.eecs.umich.edu/~peicheng/course/EECS598_06_Winter/index.htm

GradingHomework 50% (5-6 times)Term paper and presentation (during final exam) 50%

Recommended textbooksNanophotonics by P.N. PrasadIntroduction to Nanoscale Science and Technology by M. Di Ventra et alNano-optics by S. Kawata et alOther references will be posted on the course website.

Suggested readings will be provided before and after each lecture.Syllabus

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Term paper guidelines

1 or 2 students form a team. Each team submits one paper.Grading policy

Presentation 30%Novelty 20% (An original term paper can potentially leads to a journal publication)Rigor 10%Results (or contents if it’s a review paper) 40%

Scope of topicsAnything related to the course materials or relevant fields

TimelineEach team needs to make an appointment with the instructor to discuss the topic that you select by Feb 9.Depending on your progress, you are welcome to schedule regular meetings with me.

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Homework and paper submission policy

HomeworkYou can submit your homework and term paper by email or hardcopy (during class or slide it under my door any other time.)Cutoff time is 5pmSaturday and Sunday are together counted as one day. For example, if the due date is Thursday and you submit your homework on the following Monday, it will be counted as 3-day late.1-day late: 90% of the original grade2-day late: 80% of the original grade…6 or more days: Will not be accepted.

Term paperDue by the end of the class (i.e. immediately after the presentation by the last group).No late term paper will be accepted!

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Summary

Nano is happening in our daily life.Photonics is entering the nano era. But we still have plenty of room to go with the inspiration from the silicon world.Photonics is going to play crucial roles on all facets in nanotechnologies.Combining photonics with nanotechnologies not only creates novel devices from the nanoscale materials but also stimulates the advancement of nanotechnology.

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Readings

Readings for this lecture:Nanophotonics (Prasad) ch.14Global community charts a course for nanophotonics, Laser Focus World, p.72, Aug 2005

Next time:Review of Maxwell Equations and concepts of fields and waves

Suggested readings before the next lecture if you are not familiar with the basic EM theory:

D. J. Griffiths, Introduction to Electrodynamics, 3rd ed., Wiley: chapters 2, 4, 5, and 7

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Useful web information

Nano infohttp://www.smalltimes.com/http://www.azonano.com/http://nanotechweb.org/http://public.itrs.net/

Brief history of electromagnetics

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Quantitative observation of EM fields

1785: Coulomb discovered (partly by experiment) the inverse square law for the force between two charges. Electric field was then introduced as the force per unit charge.

1819: Oersted observed the current can deflect the needle of a compass. Biot, Savart, and Ampere then established the law of force between one current and another. The magnetic field was introduced as the force per unit current.

1834: Faraday discovered that any change in the magnetic environment of a coil of wire will induce a voltage in the coil.

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Gauss’s Law

0

0

/

/S

E

E ds Q

F qE

ρ ε

ε

∇ ⋅ =

⋅ =

=

∫Q

s

ECharges induce theelectric field

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Ampere’s Law

00

00

1

1C S

EB Jt

EB dl I dst

εµ

εµ

∂∇× = +

∂

∂⋅ = + ⋅

∂∫ ∫I

I

B

Current induces the magnetic flux

E

F qv B= ×

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Faraday’s LawChanges in magnetic flux induce a voltage or electromotiveforce.

V 0ddtΦ

>C

BEt

dV E dldt

B ds

∂∇× = −

∂Φ

= ⋅ = −

Φ = ⋅

∫

∫

B

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Maxwell’s Equations in vacuum (SI units)

00

0

1

/0

BEt

EB Jt

EB

εµ

ρ ε

∂∇× = −

∂∂

∇× = +∂

∇ ⋅ =

∇ ⋅ =

00

0

1

/

0

C

C S

S

S

dE dldt

EB dl I dst

E ds Q

B ds

εµ

ε

Φ⋅ = −

∂⋅ = + ⋅

∂

⋅ =

⋅ =

∫

∫ ∫

∫∫

Faraday’s Law

Ampere’s Law

Gauss’s Law

No magnetic monopole

Differential form Integral form