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Lecture 10 – Aging

HS 1000 Human Growth and Social

Environment

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CONTEXT

A. The study of aging in holistic perspective

B. Successful agingC. Practical and social issues

related to agingD. Conclusion

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A. THE STUDY OF AGING

1. Physical aging2. Psychological aging3. Social aging

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1. PHYSICAL AGING- The passage of time for humans is related to a large number of specific physical

changes such as gray hair, wrinkling ( 皺紋 )of skin immune system response cardiovascular ( 心血管的 ) functioning. Arthritis Organic and systemic changes (reserve capacity / organ reserve) The aging brain may come a gradual slowing of responses and influence in

learning and memory Sensory and psychomotor functioning (Vision, hearing, taste and smell, balance

and reaction time) Physical and mental health (Chronic conditions and disabilities: Arthritis) (Influence on health: Physical activity, Nutrition) Mental and behavioural problems (Alzheimer’s disease) (Depression)

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長者老化引起的身體轉變眼部

  

- 老花引致視力模糊- 淚管閉塞令外溢淚水增加- 淚水減少

聽覺 - 聽覺減弱 觸覺 

- 觸覺減弱，特別是接近手指或腳趾尖的部位- 冷熱感覺衰退，未能清楚感受天氣的變化

心肺功能

- 運動時較以前容易氣喘，一般的日常活動則無礙

記憶 - 記憶力和學習能力減弱 筋骨肌肉脊柱向前彎

- 關節痛楚，尤其是過重者的膝關節- 身型

 

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1. PHYSICAL AGING

(i) Speed and accuracy - speed of movement also tends to decrease with age. In fact, when older people try to hurry, their control capabilities are often so poor that their movements appear slowly.

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1. PHYSICAL AGING

(ii) Sensory process - The sense are the means by which the human mind experiences the world outside and inside the body. To adapt to and interact with the environment, the individual depends on the sense to gather information

about it.

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1. PHYSICAL AGING

(iii) Vision - Vision is a particularly adaptable sense. It can receive experience over a wide range of color, intensity, distance, and field angle

- older people have special trouble seeing in unclear light. They have problems distinguishing specific colors, in particular blues from greens.

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- Presbyopia ( 老花眼 ) - age-related impairment in the ability to see close objects distinctly, i.e. seeing objects close up.

- Diabetic retinopathy ( 糖尿病視網膜 ) - A long-term complication of diabetes in which retinal ( 視網膜上的 ) blood vessels ( 導管 ) leak ( 漏出 ) or rupture, causing vision loss.

1. PHYSICAL AGING

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- Glaucoma ( 青光眼 ) - an eye disease in which increased pressure inside your eye gradually makes you lose your sight

- Cataract ( 白內障 ) - Chronic condition in which the age-related clouding of the lens has progressed to such a degree that vision is seriously impaired.

1. PHYSICAL AGING

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3. Hearing Presbycusis ( 間歇性耳聾 ) - Characteristics age-related hearing impairment involving selective difficulty hearing high-pitched tones.

1. PHYSICAL AGING

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4. Taste, smell and body sensations - older people appear less sensitive to pain than do young people.

1. PHYSICAL AGING

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5. Psychomotor performance - refers to a complex chain of activities that begins with a sensory mechanism and ends with a reaction, usually muscular.

- Reaction time slow reaction in older people

- Complex performance The central processes can handle only a limited amount in a given time.

1. PHYSICAL AGING

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HTTP://HK.NEWS.YAHOO.COM/%E6%97%A5%E4%BA%BA%E6%B4%97%E6%BE%A1%E4%B8%8D%E7%95%B6-%E6%AF%8F%E5%B9%B4%E9%80%BE%E8%90%AC%E7%8C%9D%E6%AD%BB-220933851.HTML

日人洗澡不當 每年逾萬猝死

http://hk.news.yahoo.com/%E6%97%A5%E4%BA%BA%E6%B4%97%E6%BE%A1%E4%B8%8D%E7%95%B6-%

E6%AF%8F%E5%B9%B4%E9%80%BE%E8%90%AC%E7%8C%9D%E6%AD%BB-220933851.html

星島日報 – 5小時前 (2/13/2013)

(綜合報道) (星島日報報道)日本雜誌《日刊現代》報道，日本每年有多達一萬四千人因洗澡方式不當而不幸猝死。專家忠告，天氣寒冷的日子，洗澡時切勿先洗頭，應先洗臉，然後沖身體，最後才洗頭。

報道稱，因洗澡方式不當而猝死的日本人中，其中約九成是年過六十五歲長者，尤其是在十二月至一月期間，溫差過大使血管及心臟負擔增加，而洗澡時摔倒而溺斃的情況也特別嚴重。

東邦大學醫療中心佐倉醫院循環科教授東丸貴信稱，正確的洗澡順序應是洗臉、沖身、洗頭，這樣能使全身的血管擴張，減少心臟血液循環負荷量。若先洗頭，可能會讓頭部血液流動不暢，長期下來，可能會引發腦血管疾病。

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2. PSYCHOLOGICAL AGING

Mental functioning(i) Learning - although learning performance tends to decline

with age, the decline is not substantial until past the age of 70. all age groups can learn. Given a bit more time, older people can usually learn anything that other people can learn. ( 老人大學 )

http://hk.knowledge.yahoo.com/question/question?qid=7006082601062

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2. PSYCHOLOGICAL AGING

(ii) Creativity - creativity may decline with age, but creative

people seldom become devoid of creativity in old age.

(iii) Intelligence - A majority of people maintain their

intelligence into later life.

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2. PSYCHOLOGICAL AGING

(iv) Expertise - because experience is often age-related,

older people who are operating in areas of their expertise often equal or better the performance of younger people.

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2. PSYCHOLOGICAL AGING

Feeling of loss ( 喪 失 感 )

 - Work, retirement and leisure: adjustment and adaptation in late life.  - Working ability, loss of income and loss of control - Widowhood and single life and friendships - Role of social and family status

- Physical and mental health (Chronic conditions and disabilities: Arthritis) (Influence on health: Physical activity, Nutrition)

- Mental and behavioural problems (Alzheimer’s disease) (Depression)

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2. PSYCHOLOGICAL AGINGThe change of the role in Grand parenting styles ( 適應祖父母的角色 )

http://grandparents.about.com/od/growingintoyournewrole/a/GrandparentingStyles.htm

Neugarten and Weinstein (1964) states 5 types of Grandparents styles:

Formal grandparents did not impose upon parental ground ( 拘僅型 ) ： 對孫兒感興趣，表現謹慎，不過份介入孫兒的照顧。

Fun-seeking grandparents were informal and playful ( 尋樂者 ) ： 與孫兒作隨意的，遊戲式的交往。

Grandmothers sometimes fell into a style called the replacement parent ( 執二攤者 ) ： 父、母不在時，祖父母承擔主題照顧角色。

Grandfather sometimes assumed a role as reservoir of family wisdom ( 智慧之庫 ) ： 祖父母憑著學識和智慧，得子女和孫兒服從和敬佩。

Distant grandparents were caring but not often present ( 疏離的人物 ) ： 通常在節日中才偶爾出現的祖父母。

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Planning, arrangement and adjustment after retirement

Leisure and interest development Sharing life experience Mentoring Volunteer service Contribution to the society

2. PSYCHOLOGICAL AGING

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3. SOCIAL AGING

Social roles- Roles are expectations of behavior in relation to

others.- The availability of roles diminishes with age is, to a

great extent, a function of society’s withdrawing. opportunities for role involvement or the elderly person’s voluntarily withdrawing from a particular role performance.

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3. SOCIAL AGING

Aging affects social roles(i) Role eligibility ( 角色資格 ) - in our culture, the primary eligibility criteria

are health, age, gender, social class, ethnicity, skin color, experience, and educational achievement

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3. SOCIAL AGING

(ii) Role appropriateness - age also influences ideas about the suitability of

particular roles for people of a particular age.

(iii) Role modification - age also modifies what is expected of people in

particular positions.

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B. SUCCESSFUL AGING

A. Disengagement Theory ( 脫離理論 )- The period in late adulthood that marks a gradual

withdrawal from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels.

Mutual process: - society in general begins to disengage from those in

late adulthood – retirement.

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B. SUCCESSFUL AGING

B. Activity Theory ( 活動理論 )- Suggesting that successful aging occurs when people

maintain the interests, activities, and social interactions with which they were involve during middle age.

- Continuation of activities participated earlier .

- Find activities as work replacement.

- It links activity with life satisfaction. Because activities tend to be tied in with social roles and connections, the greater the loss of these roles, the less satisfied a person is likely to be.

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B. SUCCESSFUL AGINGC. Continuity Theory ( 延續 理論 )

Suggesting that people need to maintain their desired level of involvement in society in order to maximize their sense of well-being and self-esteem.

Who were highly active and social will be happiest if they largely remain so.

-people’s need to maintain a connection between past and present. In this view, activity is important, but to the extent that it represents the continuation of a lifestyle.

Many retired people are happier pursuing work or leisure activities similar to those they have enjoyed in the past.

such as reading will be happiest if they are free to pursue that level of sociability.

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C. PRACTICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES RELATED TO AGING

+ Some older adults continue to work for pay, but most are retired. However, many retired people start new careers or do part-time paid or volunteer work. Often retirement is a phase process.

+ Older adults tend to be more satisfied with their work and often more productive than younger ones. Age has both positive and negative effects on job performance, and individual differences are more significant than age differences.

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C. PRACTICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES RELATED TO AGING

+ Retirement is an onging process. Personal, economic, and social resources may affect morale

+ Common lifestyle patterns after retirement include a family-focused lifestyle, balanced investment, and serious leisure.

+ Most older adults in industrialized nations prefer to age in place. Most can remain in the community if they can depend on a spouse or someone else for help.

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C. PRACTICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES RELATED TO AGING

+ Relationships are important to older people, even though frequency of social contact declines in old age.

+ Social interaction is associated with good health and life satisfaction, and isolation is a risk factor for mortality

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C. PRACTICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES RELATED TO AGING

+ Most older adults have close friends, and those who do are healthier and happier.

+ Older people enjoy time spent with friends more than with family, but the family is the main source of emotional and practical support.

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C. PRACTICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES RELATED TO AGING

+ Older parents and their adult children frequently see ot contact each other, are concerned about each other, and offer each other assistance. Many older parents are caregivers fo adult children, fradchildren or great-grandchildren.

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C. PRACTICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES RELATED TO AGING

Older adults in society are often stereotyped. Ageism ( 老年歧視 ) is a negative form of prejudice. Some social policies contribute to stereotyping. Some families reject their older members. Older members of action groups have gained political

clout and lobbying power. Social issues associated with aging include:

Social security and economic stability. Medicare and health-care costs.

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C. PRACTICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES RELATED TO AGING

Older adults, when compared with younger adults:- Have more illnesses and doctors’ visits.- Are hospitalized more often and have longer stays.- Have more chronic than acute health problems.

Eldercare can be very stressful for family members and is a very important issue for older adults.

Generational inequity is a very controversial issue for young and older adults.

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C. PRACTICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES RELATED TO AGING

Policy Issues in an Aging Society: Viability of Social Security. Need for limits on Medicare health care insurance due to

large number of aging population and incidence of chronic diseases.

Eldercare and how it can best be provided. Poverty (more than 25 percent of older women who live

alone live in poverty). Low income — retired Americans earn about half of what

they did when employed.

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CONCLUSION Being an older adult has many positive aspects. Older adults’ functioning is the result of better health

habits such as: Eating a proper diet. Having an active lifestyle. Engaging in mental stimulation and flexibility. Having positive coping skills. Having good social relationships and support. Avoiding disease.

Successful aging involves having a sense of self-efficacy and a perceived control of environment.

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CONCLUSIONGood physical, nutrition and mental

health.Enough financial security to provide for

basic needs, e.g. food, shelter, and medical care.

A sense of autonomy, and personal control over one’s life.

Have positive attributes, e.g. gaining knowledge and wisdom

Social supportWellness, and contribution

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+ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mKRA4QarpFg

《快樂人生之「夕陽無限好，不怕近黃昏」》 如何令人生變得更