Lecture 10

Sino-US Rapprochement 1969 － 1972

Nixon’s Dilemma

Soviet’s challenge in nuclear weapons competition;

Vietnam War;

Economic competition with Western Europe & Japan’s.

China’s Deteriorating Security

Sino-Soviet Border Clashes; Sino-US hostility in Vietnam War; Sino-Japan’s Stalemate; Sino-India’s deteriorating relations; Sino-North Vietnam subtle relations in

Brezhnev’s Era.

Nixon’s Measures

National Strategy: return from idealistic to realistic thinking;

Pivotal position in US, Soviet and China trilateral relations;

Centralize decision-making to NSC; Secret Diplomacy.

Mao Zedong’s Measures Strategic thinking: “Borrowing strength of

the barbarians to check the barbarians”; “Pursuing a united front with a less dangerous enemy in order to focus on the contest against the primary enemy”; “Making friends with the country far away and defend the neighboring enemy;”

Oct., 1968,normalizing of diplomatic affairs since CCP’s 12th Plenary Session of 8th Central Committee;

Zhou Enlai in charge of foreign affairs.

Communication Channels

Warsaw Channel;

Pakistan Channel;

Paris Channel;

New York Channel.

Sino-US Leaders’ Talks July 9-11, 1971,Kissinger’s secret trip (4

talks); Oct. 20-26, 1971, Kissinger’s 2nd China trip

(10 talks); Jan. 3-10, 1972, Haig’s China trip (4 talks); Feb. 21-28, 1972, Nixon’s China trip Nixon Vs. Zhou Enlai; Kissinger Vs. Qiao Guanhua; Rogers Vs. Ji Pengfei.

Comparison of Bilateral Power Position(Macroscopic Perspective)

developed nation Vs. developing nation;

Superpower Vs. Regional Power; Decreasing of US power Vs.

increasing of China power.

Reevaluation of Bilateral power position(Microscopic Perspective)

Host Vs. Guest; Negotiation duration, tempo; Communication with headquarter; International situation matters: India-

Pakistan conflict, stalement of Paris Talks.

周总理接见尼克松总统

Preparations before Negotiations

Individual needs & exchange

interests;

Bottom line on every issue;

Skill in the negotiation.

Forms of Negotiation

Pre-summit talks;

Summit talks;

Cross-level talks.

Contest in the Negotiation

Kissinger’s ambiguity Vs. Zhou Enlai’s

uncertainty ； Issue Vs. Question ； Pragmatism Vs. Ethic norms;

Prestige & Honor.

American Features in the Negotiation

Floating leverage;

“Stick” &. “Carrot” ； Cordial & sincere wording.

Key Variables in Negotiation

Power

Culture

Emotion

Interfering Variables

Location;

Duration;

Frequency.

Diplomatic Etiquette

Clothing Food Housing Traffic

US Perception on Chinese Government

Top officials: determined and high

moral standard;

Good control of public.

Negotiators

Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Qiao Guanhua, Ji Pengfei;

Nixon, Kissinger, Rogers, Jenkins;