lecture 1[1].pdffuture and challenge of nuclear energy

8/12/2019 Lecture 1[1].Pdffuture and Challenge of Nuclear Energy

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Futu re and Chal lenge of

Nuc lear Energy

Lectu re 1

Int roduct ion:

Dawn o f Nuclear Age

Global Collaborative SummerProgram in Sustainable Developments

towards a Green Planet

Kyung Hee University - Global CampusJuly 2010

YOON IL CHANG


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Course Out l ine

Future and Chal lenge of nuclear Energy

How does nuclear energy fit into the theme,Sustainable Developments towards a Green Planet?

Course Syllabus

Understanding the role of nuclear energy

Technical challenges, such as reactor safety andpublic acceptance

Environmental impacts associated with radioactive

waste management

Future prospects of nuclear energy and next-generation reactor and fuel cycle concepts

Goal and Approach

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Molecules and Atom s

Molecule is composed of atoms:

H2O (water) CH

4(methane)

O2(oxygen)

Xe (xenon) inert gas

U (uranium) metal

Atom is composed

Neucleus

Electrons

Element is name given for each atom

Periodic table


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Structure of Atom

Nucleus

Protons

Neutrons

Electrons

Atomic number (protons)

Atomic mass (protons and neutrons) Isotopes (same atomic number but different atomic mass)

Examples

Hydrogen: 1 proton, 1 electron

Deuterium: 1 proton, 1 neutron, 1 electron

Uranium-235: 92 protons (electrons), 143 neutrons

Uranium-238: 92 protons (electrons), 146 neutrons

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Discovery of Nuclear Energy

In 1895, Roentgen discovered X-rays.

In 1902, Rutherford discovered alpha and betaradioactivity.

In 1932, Chadwick discovered neutron.

In 1934, Enrico Fermi discovered fission of uranium,

but not recognized it.

In 1938, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman discovered

fission. Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch explained the

fission energy based on Einsteins equivalence

between mass and energy:E = mc2


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Heat

Nuclear Energy Comes from Fission

Neutrons


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NeutronReact ion w ith Matters

When neutrons collide with other nuclei, one of the

following reactions occurs.

Absorption

Capture

Fission

Scattering

Elastic scattering

Inelastic scattering


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Fiss i le and Fert i le Iso topes

Fissile isotopes are likely to fission upon capturing neutrons U-235 + n 2 fission products + 2-3 neutrons + energy

Fertile isotopes are likely to capture neutrons

U-238 + n U-239 Np-239 Pu-239

Natural uranium composition:

U-235: 0.711%

U-238: 99.289%


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Atom ic Bomb Effor ts

With the breakout of World War II in 1939, the initial

efforts to use the atomic power was in the development

of atomic bombs.

The Manhattan project was established in the U.S.,

composed mostly of the European scientists in exile.

A team led by Enrico Fermi was assembled at the

University of Chicago to achieve a controlled chain

reaction

A parallel effort for uranium enrichment at Oak

Ridge

Atomic bomb design efforts led by Oppenheimer at

Los Alamos

References: Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, 1986;

Richard Rhodes, Dark SunThe Making of the Hydrogen Bomb, 1995


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Two App roaches

Enriched Uranium Fully enriched (>93% U-235)

Low enrichment (


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Enrico Ferm i Team Ach ieved Con trol led

Chain Reaction on December 2, 1942


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Chicago Pile 1 (CP-1): Worlds First Reactor


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Early History at A rgonne

Enrico Fermi and his team achieved controlled chain

reaction in Chicago Pile-1 (CP-1): December 2, 1942.

CP-1 was dismantled and reassembled at Argonne

Forest site as CP-2 in March 1943.

Worlds first heavy water moderated reactor, CP-3 was

constructed in 1944.

Argonne designated as Center for Reactor Development

in 1947, and contributed to all successful reactor types

Fast reactor conceived by Fermi (April 1944) and the

next in series CP-4 was renamed Experimental BreederReactor-1 (EBR-I): First nuclear electricity in 1951


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National Level Development

Atomic Energy Commission was established in 1946.

Split into Energy Research and DevelopmentAdministration (ERDA) and Nuclear Regulatory

Commission (NRC) in 1974.

ERDA was merged with other energy related

agencies into Department of Energy in 1977. In preparation for commercial reactor development,

several research and test reactors and facilities have

been constructed at National Reactor Testing Station

in Idaho.

Joint Committee on Atomic Energy oversaw the

nuclear related legislations and appropriations in

Congress.


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Atoms for Peace Movement

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) wasestablished in 1957 as an independent international

organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of

nuclear energy.

IAEA organized International Conferences on PeacefulUses of Atomic Energy, held in Geneva, Switzerland.

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Effects o f Atom s for Peace Movement on Korea

Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute wasestablished in 1959.

TRIGA reactor was installed at KAERI

Nuclear Engineering Department was established at

Han Yang University in 1958, and at Seoul NationalUniversity in 1959.

lecture 1[1].pdffuture and challenge of nuclear energy

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