BIOREMEDIATION

A treatment process that uses microorganisms (yeast, fungi, or bacteria) to break down, or degrade, hazardous substances into less toxic or nontoxic substances (carbon dioxide and water)

Conditions that favor Bioremediation

• Temperature favorable for organisms

• Water available (near field capacity)• Nutrients (N, P, K) in adequate supplyC:N ratio of material < 30:1

• Nutrients (N, P, K) in adequate supplyC:N ratio of material < 30:1

• Material added is similar to naturallyoccurring organic material

• Oxygen in sufficient quantity

In-situ-Bioremediation

• Biostimulation (stimulates biological activity)

Bioventing (Inject air/nutrients into unsaturated zone – good for midweight petroleum, jet fuel)midweight petroleum, jet fuel)

Biosparging (Inject air/nutrients into unsaturated and saturated zones)

• Bioaugmentation (inoculates soil with microbes)

Less expensive•Creates less dust•Less possibility of contaminant release into environment•Good for large volumesvolumes•Slower•Doesn’t work well in clays or highly layered subsurfaces

Ex-situ -Bioremediation� Slurry-phase

� Soil combined with water/additives in tank, microorganisms, nutrients, oxygen added

� Solid-phase� Land-farming: soil put on

• Easier to control•Used to treat wider range of contaminants and soil types• Costly• Faster

� Land-farming: soil put on pad, leachate collected

� Soil biopiles: soil heaped, air added

� Composting: biodegradable waste mixed with bulking agent

� Land Applied – waste added directly to soil which is later planted to a crop.

Microbial reduction has effectively been used to

precipitate uranium from solution using defined

conditions in which the U(VI) was present in the form of

U(VI)-carbonate complex.U(VI)-carbonate complex.

Both G. metallireducens and Desulfovibrio

desulfuricans rapidly converted high concentrations

(1mM) of U(VI) to U(IV) within several hours.

The precipitate was all extracellular as uranite (UO2).

The uranite readily settled to the bottom of the

incubation vessel or could be removed with filtration

. Alternatively, the organisms could be maintained

separately in a dialysis sac. The U(VI) diffused into the

sac, it got reduced by the organisms, forming a

precipitate at the bottom of the sac

Successful remediation has also been done on

contaminated soils on location using D. desulfuricans

D. vulgaris uses the c3 cytochrome as the reductase, D. vulgaris uses the c3 cytochrome as the reductase,

so the possibility of using cell-free fixed enzyme

systems and/or engineered organisms with enhanced

U(VI) reducing capacity for the treatment

•B. megaterium

• Thiobacillus

• Fungi

Many bacterial genera are able to reduce Se(VI) and Se(IV)

to Se(0) but only a few are able to carry this out to conserve

energy to support growth

• Fungi

Diagram of mercuric ion resistance in Gram-negative bacteria,

showing the three transport systems, MerPT, MerC and MerF