lecture 14. dbtt, manipulating toughness and fatigue...

31
 AML 883 Properties and selection of engineering materials LECTURE 14. DBTT, manipulating toughness and fatigue resistance, and thermal properties of materials M P Gururajan Email: [email protected] Room No. MS 207/A-3 Phone: 1340

Upload: others

Post on 21-Jun-2020

1 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: LECTURE 14. DBTT, manipulating toughness and fatigue ...aml883.wdfiles.com/local--files/notes/Lecture14.pdf · compress the surface ... Thermal design Design of materials for coping

   

AML 883 Properties and selection of engineering materials

LECTURE 14. DBTT, manipulating toughness and fatigue resistance, and thermal properties 

of materials

M P GururajanEmail: [email protected]

Room No. MS 207/A­3 Phone: 1340

Page 2: LECTURE 14. DBTT, manipulating toughness and fatigue ...aml883.wdfiles.com/local--files/notes/Lecture14.pdf · compress the surface ... Thermal design Design of materials for coping

   

DBTT: Ductile­to­brittle transition

● Cleavage fracture: dangerous (no warning)● Low temperatures (as compared to Tg): 

polymers become brittle● Metals too undergo a ductile­to­brittle transition● Only metals and alloys with fcc structure remain 

ductile to the lowest temperatures● Yield strengths increase as temperature falls● Plastic zone at the crack tip shrinks● Fracture mode switches

Page 3: LECTURE 14. DBTT, manipulating toughness and fatigue ...aml883.wdfiles.com/local--files/notes/Lecture14.pdf · compress the surface ... Thermal design Design of materials for coping

   

DBTT

● Suppose the transition temperature is 0 degree C

● In winter, in colder climates, material will fail ● Ships, bridges, oil rigs – fail and lead to 

catastrophes● Similarly, polymers to be used in freezers and 

fridges – carefully needs to be selected

Page 4: LECTURE 14. DBTT, manipulating toughness and fatigue ...aml883.wdfiles.com/local--files/notes/Lecture14.pdf · compress the surface ... Thermal design Design of materials for coping

   

Embrittlement

● Chemical segregation can introduce embrittlement

● Liquid metals (like mercury) can cause embrittlement

● Hydrogen can induce embrittlement

Page 5: LECTURE 14. DBTT, manipulating toughness and fatigue ...aml883.wdfiles.com/local--files/notes/Lecture14.pdf · compress the surface ... Thermal design Design of materials for coping

   

   

Manipulating toughness

Page 6: LECTURE 14. DBTT, manipulating toughness and fatigue ...aml883.wdfiles.com/local--files/notes/Lecture14.pdf · compress the surface ... Thermal design Design of materials for coping

   

Metals and alloys

● Strong and tough: not an easy combination to achieve

● Why?

Page 7: LECTURE 14. DBTT, manipulating toughness and fatigue ...aml883.wdfiles.com/local--files/notes/Lecture14.pdf · compress the surface ... Thermal design Design of materials for coping

   

Plastic zone

● Energy absorption ahead of the crack: require the material to have lower yield strengths and larger plastic zones

● Strength: we want higher yield strength● Conflict!

Page 8: LECTURE 14. DBTT, manipulating toughness and fatigue ...aml883.wdfiles.com/local--files/notes/Lecture14.pdf · compress the surface ... Thermal design Design of materials for coping

   

Avoid inclusions

● Void nucleation – typicallly at inclusions● Removal of inclusions by filtering the molten 

metal before casting ­­ “clean” steels, superalloys, and aluminium alloys – increase toughness without loss of strength

Page 9: LECTURE 14. DBTT, manipulating toughness and fatigue ...aml883.wdfiles.com/local--files/notes/Lecture14.pdf · compress the surface ... Thermal design Design of materials for coping

   

Polymers and composites

● Cross­linking, molecular weight (extent of polymerisation) and degree of crystallanity – manipulate to get desired properties

● Blending● Adding fillers● Here again – what improves strength decreases 

fracture toughness and vice versa● Reinforcement – an exception!

Page 10: LECTURE 14. DBTT, manipulating toughness and fatigue ...aml883.wdfiles.com/local--files/notes/Lecture14.pdf · compress the surface ... Thermal design Design of materials for coping

   

Reinforcement

● Can increase both strength and fracture toughness

● How?● Fine fibres – contain small flaws – 

consequently, higher strengths● Bridges cracks● Overall energy dissipation is high!● Debonding and pull out – also cost energy

Page 11: LECTURE 14. DBTT, manipulating toughness and fatigue ...aml883.wdfiles.com/local--files/notes/Lecture14.pdf · compress the surface ... Thermal design Design of materials for coping

   

  

Manipulating fatigue

Page 12: LECTURE 14. DBTT, manipulating toughness and fatigue ...aml883.wdfiles.com/local--files/notes/Lecture14.pdf · compress the surface ... Thermal design Design of materials for coping

   

Enhancing fatigue life

● Choose strong materials● Make sure that the defects are as few (and 

small) as possible● Give a surface layer that is compressive

Page 13: LECTURE 14. DBTT, manipulating toughness and fatigue ...aml883.wdfiles.com/local--files/notes/Lecture14.pdf · compress the surface ... Thermal design Design of materials for coping

   

Endurance limit and strength

● Increasing yield strength leads to decreasing endurance limit

● Non­destructive testing (X­ray imaging and ultrasonic testing) – to detect flaws and reject those which are defective

● HIP – Hot isostatic pressing – to seal cracks and collapse porosity

Page 14: LECTURE 14. DBTT, manipulating toughness and fatigue ...aml883.wdfiles.com/local--files/notes/Lecture14.pdf · compress the surface ... Thermal design Design of materials for coping

   

Compressive surface stress

● Shot peening, sand blasting, burnishing, diffusing atoms into surface, ...: plastically compress the surface

Page 15: LECTURE 14. DBTT, manipulating toughness and fatigue ...aml883.wdfiles.com/local--files/notes/Lecture14.pdf · compress the surface ... Thermal design Design of materials for coping

   

  

Summary

Page 16: LECTURE 14. DBTT, manipulating toughness and fatigue ...aml883.wdfiles.com/local--files/notes/Lecture14.pdf · compress the surface ... Thermal design Design of materials for coping

   

Summary

● Structural materials: stiffness, strength, and toughness

● Materials properties of interest: density, modulus, yield strength, ductility, fracture toughness, strain energy release rate (toughness), damping coefficient, endurance limit, ...

● Mechanisms, measurement and manipulation

Page 17: LECTURE 14. DBTT, manipulating toughness and fatigue ...aml883.wdfiles.com/local--files/notes/Lecture14.pdf · compress the surface ... Thermal design Design of materials for coping

   

Before we proceed to functional materials

Effect of heat in mechanical and physical properties

Page 18: LECTURE 14. DBTT, manipulating toughness and fatigue ...aml883.wdfiles.com/local--files/notes/Lecture14.pdf · compress the surface ... Thermal design Design of materials for coping

   

Thermal properties

● Response of materials to heat● What is heat?

Page 19: LECTURE 14. DBTT, manipulating toughness and fatigue ...aml883.wdfiles.com/local--files/notes/Lecture14.pdf · compress the surface ... Thermal design Design of materials for coping

   

Heat

● Atoms and molecules in motion● Gas – flying molecules with occasional 

collisions● Solid – vibration about mean positions – with 

ever increasing amplitudes with increasing temperatures

Page 20: LECTURE 14. DBTT, manipulating toughness and fatigue ...aml883.wdfiles.com/local--files/notes/Lecture14.pdf · compress the surface ... Thermal design Design of materials for coping

   

Thermal design

● Design of materials for coping properly with the effects of heat, or, where possible, exploit them

● Example: heat exchanger – a device for efficient transfer of heat between two media

Page 21: LECTURE 14. DBTT, manipulating toughness and fatigue ...aml883.wdfiles.com/local--files/notes/Lecture14.pdf · compress the surface ... Thermal design Design of materials for coping

   

Heat exchangers

Image courtesy: wiki

Page 22: LECTURE 14. DBTT, manipulating toughness and fatigue ...aml883.wdfiles.com/local--files/notes/Lecture14.pdf · compress the surface ... Thermal design Design of materials for coping

   

Fundamental points of reference

● Melting temperature● Glass transition temperature● Relate directly to the strength of the bonds in 

the solid● Crystals – sharp melting point; non­crystalline – 

no sharp melting point● Glass transition – true solid to very viscous 

liquid transition

Page 23: LECTURE 14. DBTT, manipulating toughness and fatigue ...aml883.wdfiles.com/local--files/notes/Lecture14.pdf · compress the surface ... Thermal design Design of materials for coping

   

Service temperatures

● Maximum service temperature: maximum temperature at which material can be used continuously without oxidation, chemical change or excessive distortion

● Minimum service temperature: minimum temperature below which the material becomes brittle or unsafe to use 

Page 24: LECTURE 14. DBTT, manipulating toughness and fatigue ...aml883.wdfiles.com/local--files/notes/Lecture14.pdf · compress the surface ... Thermal design Design of materials for coping

   

Heating materials up!

● Costs energy to heat materials up● Heat capacity or specific heat – energy to heat 

1kg of material by 1K ● Constant pressure and constant volume heat 

capacities ­­ different● Solids – difference between the two heat 

capacities is negligible; neglected here!● Units: Joules/ kg K

Page 25: LECTURE 14. DBTT, manipulating toughness and fatigue ...aml883.wdfiles.com/local--files/notes/Lecture14.pdf · compress the surface ... Thermal design Design of materials for coping

   

Measuring heat capacity

Cp

Temperature (K)

Ene

rgy 

inpu

t per

 kg 

(J/k

g)

Insulated box

T sensor

Sample

Heater

Calorimetry: pump a mesured quantity of heat into thematerial of known mass and measure the raise in T

Page 26: LECTURE 14. DBTT, manipulating toughness and fatigue ...aml883.wdfiles.com/local--files/notes/Lecture14.pdf · compress the surface ... Thermal design Design of materials for coping

   

   

● Linear thermal expansion coefficient● Thermal strain per degree of temperature 

change● Isotropic bodies:● Anisotropic bodies: two or more coefficients are 

needed● Units: Kelvin inverse

=1/L dL /dT

Page 27: LECTURE 14. DBTT, manipulating toughness and fatigue ...aml883.wdfiles.com/local--files/notes/Lecture14.pdf · compress the surface ... Thermal design Design of materials for coping

   

Measuring 

Temperature change (K)

Ther

mal

 stra

in

Insulation

Sample

Heater

L

LL

Page 28: LECTURE 14. DBTT, manipulating toughness and fatigue ...aml883.wdfiles.com/local--files/notes/Lecture14.pdf · compress the surface ... Thermal design Design of materials for coping

   

Thermal conductivity

● Rate at which heat is conducted through a solid at steady state (temperature profile does not change): thermal conductivity

● Units: Watts / m K● Watt – Joule / second

Page 29: LECTURE 14. DBTT, manipulating toughness and fatigue ...aml883.wdfiles.com/local--files/notes/Lecture14.pdf · compress the surface ... Thermal design Design of materials for coping

   

Measuring 

Temperature gradient (K/m)

Thea

t flu

x (W

 /squ

are 

met

res)

Insulation

Sample

x

T T1 2

Heat input Heat sink

Use Fourier's law to measure conductivity

Page 30: LECTURE 14. DBTT, manipulating toughness and fatigue ...aml883.wdfiles.com/local--files/notes/Lecture14.pdf · compress the surface ... Thermal design Design of materials for coping

   

Thermal diffusivity

● Conductivity: flow of heat at steady­state in a material

● Diffusivity, 'a': transient heat flow (flow of heat when temperature varies)

● Units: square metres / second●

●     ­­ Density

a=/Cp

Page 31: LECTURE 14. DBTT, manipulating toughness and fatigue ...aml883.wdfiles.com/local--files/notes/Lecture14.pdf · compress the surface ... Thermal design Design of materials for coping

   

Whither?

● Applications where these properties become important

● Design and materials property charts ● Origins of thermal properties● Manipulating thermal properties