Lecture 15

- R22 Flight Safety (SFAR)

- Pre-flight, Pre-start and Shut Down

Private Pilot Licence (Helicopter Ground Course)

Lecture 16

- Hangar visit

- Ground Demo: Pre-flight, Pre-start

- Written Assessment

Private Pilot Licence (Helicopter Ground Course)

L15 - RHC Safety Alert

Low G - Pushovers

Low RPM Rotor Blade Stall

Settling with power

Carburetor Ice

Power Lines

Night Flight + Bad Wx

Airplane Pilots High Risk

RHC Safety Course Movie 16:50-19:00

L15 - Low G - Pushover (No Practice)

Tail rotor pushes ship to roll R

Pilot tend to control cyclic to L

Mast tilt to its limit

Stopper chop the mast

Cause mast bumping

Mast may come off in flight

Action to cure:

Aft cyclic to reload then roll Left

L15 - Low RPM rotor stall (No Practice)

sound and light warning (<97%)

pilot raise collective worsen case

main rotor decay very fast

Blade stall fell or blow back

Cut off tail cone

Fall straight down

Action to cure:

Roll throttle on then lower collective

L15 - Settling with power

Push down by own MR downwash

High descent rate and slow speed

<300 fps before <30 KIAS

lower descent rate before reduce speed

Action to cure:

Fore /sideway cyclic to escape the MR downwash

L15 - Carburetor Icing (No Practice)

Latent heat drawn from vaporized fuel

Ice formed from water vapour around venturi tube

Causes: in (1) Cool temp or (2) high humidity and

(3) when reduce power at/below 18” MP

Action to prevent: Apply Cab heat

(1) before reduce to 18” MP (2) CAT enter yellow arc

L15 - Power LinesRHC Safety Course Movie 06:54-07:50

Avoid below 500 ft

Fly above the tower /pole

Look around

L15 - Night Flight and Bad Weather

No Heli flying without horizon ref

No actual IFR flying

Keep visual on horizon

avoid IMC

Action to follow just in case IMC:

(1) Rely on attitude instrument flying (2) climb to safe altitude and (3) call assistance and look for VMC landing

L15 - Airplane Pilot flying attitude

Different airspeed concept

Stall recovery reflex reaction

Golden rule to avoid mishaps:

Practice makes perfect /w CFIs

L15 - NTSB Accident Report on R22

Yr 1979 - 1994

Total Engine Pilot Other

334 24 306 4

% 7% 92% 1%

No. of R22 in op in 1980: 35

No. of R22 in op in 1994: 745

No. of R22 in op in 2004: (3700)

L15 - NTSB Accident Report on R22

UK - 250 R22 only 2 in-flight breakup

Japan - Use for tuna fishing, 110/month, No single breakup, low RPM, mast bumping

Australia - Cattle mustering, few breakup of similar type

L15 - NTSB Accident Report on R22

Primary Causes:

(1) Wire strike

(2) Low RPM blade stall

(3) Continue enter IMC

L15 - NTSB Accident Report on R22

In 1995 FAA suggestion

to cure Low RPM blade stall

- install a new rotor governor system

- training pilots on throttle/collective control not relying on governor/ correlator

L15 - NTSB Accident Report on R22

to cure Low RPM blade stall

- Re-design the cyclic control so as more easy for each pilot to gain control

- Remain unchanged use T-bar cyclic

(1) New design heavier

(2) More danger if leaning forward accidentally

(3) Get use to old design by many pilots

L15 - NTSB Accident Report on R22

Facts to note:

(1) Number of R22

1980 1994 2002

35 745 3355

Av yr - 53 326

%> - 51 515

L15 - NTSB Accident Report on R22

Facts to note:

(2) Most surviving Low RPM cases

- Backside of the power curve

- Downwind approach

- High density altitude

L15 - NTSB Accident Report on R22

Facts to note:

(3) 30% of engine failure due to

- Carb ice during practice auto

L15 - NTSB 90-2K Acc (Engine type)Year Total Recip Turbo Other

1990 233 132 (57%) 99 (42%) 2 (1%)

1991 198 122 (62%) 67 (34%) 9 (4%)

1992 211 116 (55%) 70 (33%) 25 (11%)

1993 183 94 (51%) 76 (42%) 13 (7%)

1994 220 100 (45%) 105 (48%) 15 (7%)

1995 164 84 (51%) 76 (46%) 4 (3%)

1996 181 77 (43%) 98 (54%) 6 (3%)

1997 174 82 (47%) 80 (46%) 12 (7%)

1998 203 103 (51%) 87 (43%) 13 (6%)

1999 213 80 (38%) 106 (50%) 27 (13%)

2000 231 81 (35%) 93 (40%) 57 (25%)

Total 2211 1071 (48%) 957 (43%) 183 (8%)

1. Emergency locator transmitter

2. Emergency VHF frequency - 121.5

3. Transponder codes

Emergency - 7700

Lost - 7600

Hijack - 7500

L15 Emergency Procedures

Emergency Location Transmitter

ELT

ELT

L15 Frequency & Transponder code

Emergency - 121.5 MHz“May Day May Day May Day”“Pan Pan Pan”Transponder

Emergency-7700Lost- 7600Hijack- 7500

Helicopter Safety

Settling with Power – GyroplaneSettling with Power - CH47Dynamic Roll over – B206Nearly Roll over – R44

L16 R22 Preflight, Prestart & Shutdown Check