lecture 19, 04 nov 2003 chapter 13, respiration, gas exchange, acid-base balance vertebrate...
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Lecture 19, 04 Nov 2003Chapter 13, Respiration, Gas Exchange, Acid-Base Balance
Vertebrate PhysiologyECOL 437
University of ArizonaFall 2003
instr: Kevin Boninet.a.: Bret Pasch
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Vertebrate Physiology 437
1. Blood-Gas Chemistry (CH13)
2. Announcements...
2
VOTE!
Term Paper Draft due Thursday 06 Nov.
Turn in old, relevant, graded work.
On the actual most recent draft use a CODE NAME so your paper can be anonymously reviewed by one of your peers.
We will give you a paper to edit/review at the end of class on Thursday
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Name that student:
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Jane DavisHematology
OncologyFrench
Katie CoxTall
Kim HurdAir Force ROTC
Knut Schmidt_Nielsen 1997
Gravityand BP
5
Knut Schmidt_Nielsen 1997
Exercise
OxygenConsumptionX 20
Cardiac Output 6x
6
Chapter 13 – Blood-Gas Chemistry
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide- Air vs. Water- Epithelial Transfer- Transport and Regulation
pH regulationChloride shiftCarbonic Anhydrase
Elevation
Skip: Diving, Swimbladder, Exercise
7
Gas composition in air O CO N
% of dry air 21 0.03 78
pp at 760 mm Hg 159 0.23 594
380mmHg (at 6000m) 79.6 0.11 297
Solubility in water (ml/L) 34 1,019 17
2 2 2
8
Why is pO2 in lungs less than ‘expected’?
Effects of Temp and Solutes on O solubility2
Temp (C) Fresh Sea
0 10.29 7.97
10 8.026.60
20 6.57 5.31
Increase in temp
Increase [ion]
decrease solubility
9
Rate of diffusion depends on molecular weight (Graham’s Law)
Air Water
O solubility >
O rate of diffusion >
Weight of medium <
Movement of medium tidal unidirectional
(amt. needed to get O )
(take in, expel)
(less energy required)
2
2
2
10
Gas transfer
1. Breathing (supply air or water to respiratory surface)
2. Diffusion of O & CO across resp. epithelium
3. Bulk transport of gases by blood
4. Diffusion across capillary walls (blood mitochondria)
2 2
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(humans = 50-1002 m SA)
13-1
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Respiratory pigments
• all have either Fe or Cu ions that O binds• pigment increases O content of blood • complex of proteins and metallic ions• each has characteristic color that changes w/ O content• ability to bind to O (affinity) affects carrying capacity of blood for O
2+ 2+2
2
98% of O transported via carrier molecules
Gas transport in blood
2
22
2
13
hemoglobin hemocyanin hemerythrin
Metal Fe Cu Fe
Distribution over 10 phyla 2 phyla 4 phyla (all verts, many inverts) (arthropods, mollusks)
Location RBCs (verts) dissolved in intracellular plasma
Color deox – maroon colorless colorless ox – red blue reddish violet
2+ 2+ 2+
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Knut Schmidt_Nielsen 1997
Hemoglobin and other Respiratory Pigments
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heme molecules
hemoglobin4 heme + 4 protein chains
can carry 4 O2
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hemoglobinFetal hemoglobin:
γ chains (not β) w/ higher affinity for O
(enhance O transfer from mother to fetus)
Affinity for CO = 200 x’s greater than for O
CO poisoning even at low partial pressures
Antarctic icefish lack pigment
low metabolic needs = low metabolism
high cardiac output, blood volume
large heart
2
2
2
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O dissociation curve
hyperbolic
sigmoidal
• not need lots of O to get near 100%
Cooperativity -binding of 1st O2 facilitates more binding
-oxygenation of 1st heme group increases affinity of remaining 3 for O2
2
2
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Pigment w/ High P :
50• low affinity
• high rate of O transfer to tissues
Pigment w/ Low P :
P - pp of O at which pigment is 50% saturated50 2
2
50• high affinity
• high rate of O uptake 2
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Factors that reduce affinity
1. low pH (increase [H+])
2. increase in CO2
3. elevated Temp
4. organic compounds
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1. and 2. Increase in [CO ] or [H+]
Factors that reduce affinity
• Bohr effect
CO and H bind to hemoglobin (allosteric site), which
changes conformation of molecule and
changes binding site for O
at tissues:
CO binds to hemoglobin, decreasing affinity
for O , allowing better delivery of O
• Root effect
fishes… (skip)
2
2
2
2
2 2
+
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Bohr Effect
CO + H O H CO H + HCO 2 2 2 3
+3-
Inc in Pco inc [H+] dec pH reduces affinity
2
CO enters blood at tissueshemoglobin unloads O
CO leaves blood at resp. surface
hemoglobin uptake O
2
2
2
2
Carbon
ic ac
id
Bicarb
onat
e
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Knut Schmidt_Nielsen 1997
Bohr shift as a function of body size
(small animals with greater Bohr shift [more acid sensitive] so can more readily leave oxygen at tissues at given PO)
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Factors that reduce affinity
4. organic compounds • organophosphates in erythrocytes differ among spp.
mammals: 2,3 DPG
birds: IP
fish: ATP, GTP
• bind to hemoglobin as allosteric effectors
• used to maintain O affinity under hypoxic conditions
at high altitude (low blood [O ]) increase 2,3 DPG to increase delivery of O to tissues
2
2
2
3
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CO transport in blood2
CO + H O H CO H + HCO
CO + OH HCO
Proportions of CO , HCO depend on pH, T, ionic strength of blood
At normal pH, Temp:
80% of CO in form of bicarbonate ion HCO
5-10% dissolved in blood
10% in form of carbamino groups
(bound to amino groups of hemoglobin)
2 2 2
2
3
3
+
-
2
-
-
3-
2 3-
3
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Haldane effect
• deox hemo has high affinity for H creating inc. [HCO ] in blood (more CO )
•recall equations on previous slide
+
3
-
2
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Bohr effect + Haldane effect
increasing [CO2 ] decreases affinity of hemoglobin for O2 , so binds CO2 more easily
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CO transfer at tissue• enters/leaves blood as CO (more rapid diffusion)
• passes thru RBCs
• CO produced = O released no change in pH
only in RBC, not plasma
maintain charge balance
passive exchange,
bidirectional
oxygenation of hemo: acidify interior
(release H )
deox of hemo: inc pH (bind H )
Band III protein
2
2 2
+
+
2
-Chloride Shift-Carbonic Anhydrase
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CO transfer at lung
dec. in HCO in RBC: influx
facilitated diffusion
Acidify RBC: facilitate
HCO CO2
2
3- 3
-
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Acid-Base balancing
• Animal body pH: slightly alkaline (more OH than H )
• maintain pH for stability of proteins (and function)
H production / excretion
• produced: metabolism of ingested food
ingest meat: acid
ingest plants: base
• excreted continually via kidneys, gills, skin
• build-up of CO build-up of H (acidify body)
• low CO low H (alkaline body)
small overall effect on pH
+-
2+
2+
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+
pH buffers in blood:
bicarbonate – not true buffer, but CO / HCO ratio imp. to pH
excretory organs (kidneys, gills, skin)
proteins (hemoglobin), phosphates
CO + H O H CO H + HCO
Respiration and pH
• inc. lung ventilation (low body [CO ]) inc pH
respiratory alkalosis
buffer: kidney dec. pH by excreting HCO
• dec. lung ventilation (CO excretion dec.) dec. pH
respiratory acidosis
2 3-
2 2 2+
3-
2
2
3
3-
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If CO inc in extra., diffuse into cell to form HCO and dec.
intracellular pH
efflux of H , or influx of HCO leads to rise in pH
via ATPase or
coupled w/ Na influx
23-
+3-
+
pH buffers
Muscle vs. Brain
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Response to acid load in cell:
• H efflux + Na influx (cation-exchange)
• H passive diffusion out of cell
• HCO influx + Cl efflux (anion-exchange)
• H efflux = HCO influxHCO inside cell CO + OH
(inc. pH)
CO leaves cell to form HCO + H
or both in plasma
membrane
+
+
3- -
+3-
3-
2
-2 3+
• buffering via proteins/phosphates in cell
-
Jacob-Stewart cycle p.543
33Need to REDO:
Maintaining pH balance in the body
(acid production = acid excretion)
Mammals: adjust CO excretion via lungs
acid/HCO excretion via kidneys
2
3-
34
Jackson et al. 2000Apalone - softshell turtleChrysemys - painted turtle
Mg+, Ca+ (weak base carbonates)Lactic acidbone sequestrationanoxia
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Lung Anatomy
Nonrespiratory-Trachea ->-Bronchi ->-Bronchioles ->
Respiratory-Terminal bronchioles ->-Respiratory bronchioles ->-Alveoli
-Cilia and Mucus
(13-21)
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(13-22)
-Gas Diffusion Barriers:
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Lung Ventilation
-Small mammals with greater per gram O2 needs and therefore greater per gram respiratory surface area
-Dead Space (anatomic and physiological)
Swan (13-24)
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(13-23)
Lung Ventilation
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End