lecture 2 branches of phonetics, methods and techniques
DESCRIPTION
Phonetics lectureTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Lecture 2 Branches of Phonetics, Methods and Techniques](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/55cf92b6550346f57b98f6dc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Lecture 2: The Three Branches of Phonetics. Methods and Techniques.
![Page 2: Lecture 2 Branches of Phonetics, Methods and Techniques](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/55cf92b6550346f57b98f6dc/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
1. Articulatory Phonetics
Studies the articulatory properties of speech sounds – how they are produced.
Methods: Instrumental vs. non-instrumental. Non-instrumental: one’s own feeling of the
position of the speech organs – KINAESTHETIC feeling (PROPRIOCEPTION).
Drawback: inaccurate and limited.
![Page 3: Lecture 2 Branches of Phonetics, Methods and Techniques](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/55cf92b6550346f57b98f6dc/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
INSTRUMENTAL TECHNIQUES
PALATOGRAPHY – powdering the palate and observing the trace left after the contact.
Advantages: more accurate. Limits: applicable only for certain sounds
and very short utterances.
![Page 4: Lecture 2 Branches of Phonetics, Methods and Techniques](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/55cf92b6550346f57b98f6dc/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Lecture 2 Branches of Phonetics, Methods and Techniques](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/55cf92b6550346f57b98f6dc/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
X-ray photography: still or moving. Advantages: very accurate, but… Disadvantage: imposes health risk. Today replaced by Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MR), which is not health hazardous. Electromyography: measures muscular movement
during articulation by means of an electrode pressed against the throat.
Electro-aerometer: Device for measuring the force of the airstream coming out of the oral cavity
![Page 6: Lecture 2 Branches of Phonetics, Methods and Techniques](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/55cf92b6550346f57b98f6dc/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
ACOUSTIC PHONETICS
Examines the acoustic properties of sounds by studying the physical features of variation in air pressure produced by vocal tract movements.
A speech sound has the characteristics like any other wave.
![Page 7: Lecture 2 Branches of Phonetics, Methods and Techniques](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/55cf92b6550346f57b98f6dc/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Characteristics of the speech sound wave:
1. Frequency – number of oscillations per second, measured in Hertz (Hz).
With a higher number of oscillations, we perceive the sound of a higher pitch (musical tone).
2. Amplitude – the distance between the point of rest and the highest/lowest points it reaches.
A sound with a higher amplitude is perceived as a louder sound. Measured in decibels.
3. Duration – the length of a sound, measured in seconds.
![Page 8: Lecture 2 Branches of Phonetics, Methods and Techniques](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/55cf92b6550346f57b98f6dc/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
A simple wave form
![Page 9: Lecture 2 Branches of Phonetics, Methods and Techniques](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/55cf92b6550346f57b98f6dc/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Methods and techniques of acoustic phonetics
Oscilloscopy: the waveform displayed on a screen.
The oscillogram of the vowel /a/.
Time (s)0 0.0881633
-0.495
0.5803
0
![Page 10: Lecture 2 Branches of Phonetics, Methods and Techniques](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/55cf92b6550346f57b98f6dc/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
2. Sound spectrography/spectrogram is the technique in which all relevant frequencies of a speech sound are seen.
Vowels are seen as black horizontal stripes patterned on the screen. These are FORMANTS, or concentrations of energy.
![Page 11: Lecture 2 Branches of Phonetics, Methods and Techniques](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/55cf92b6550346f57b98f6dc/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Spectrogram of the word peck
![Page 12: Lecture 2 Branches of Phonetics, Methods and Techniques](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/55cf92b6550346f57b98f6dc/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Spectrogram and oscillogram of the word sky
![Page 13: Lecture 2 Branches of Phonetics, Methods and Techniques](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062423/55cf92b6550346f57b98f6dc/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
AUDITORY PHONETICS
The branch which studies how speech sounds are perceived.
For ethical reasons, the only methods used here are indirect – through listening and response tasks.
The devices used are cassette/CD players and computers.