lecture 2 maps plans and charts

8/2/2019 Lecture 2 Maps Plans and Charts

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Surveying for Petroleum Engineers

Lecture 2

Survey Maps, Plans and Charts

Mohamed Elwageeh


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Introduction

Mapping surveys are made to:

(1) Determine the locations of natural and culturalfeatures on the earths surface.

(1) Define the configuration (relief) of the surface.

Once located these features can be represented onmaps

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Introduction (continued)

Natural features include:vegetation, rivers, lakes, oceans, and so on.

Cultural (artificial) features are the product ofpeople and include:

roads, rail roads, buildings, bridges, canals,

boundary lines, and so on.

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Introduction (continued)

The relief of the earth includes:

hills, valleys, plains, and other surfaceirregularities.

Lines and symbols are used to depict features shown onmaps.

Names and legends are added to identify the differentobjects.

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Basic Map

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Information Table

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Types of Maps

Two different types of maps are prepared as aresult of mapping surveys which are:

Planimetric maps.

Topographic maps.

Planimetric maps: depict natural and culturalfeatures in the plan (X-Y) views only.

Topographic maps: also include planimetric

features, but in addition they show theconfiguration of the earths surface.

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Planimetric Maps

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Topographic Maps

For topographic maps, relief is shownquantitatively using:

Contours.

Digital Elevation Models (DTM).

Three- dimensional perspective models.

qualitatively using:

* color. * hachure.* shading. * tinting.

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C


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Contour Lines

Contour plan with derived profile(line AB)

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C t Li


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Contour Lines

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3D Topographic Map

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3D Surface Map

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A C M f Al H


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A Contour Map of Al-Hassana

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Map Applications

Both types of maps (planimetric & topographic) are usedby:

Geologists to investigate mineral, oil, water, andother resources.

Architects in housing and landscape design. Agriculturists in soil conservation work.

Engineers and planners to determine the mostdesirable and economical locations of highways,railroads, canals, pipelines, reservoirs and otherfacilities.

Archeologists.

Geographers. Scientists.

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Performing Mapping Surveys

Two basic methods for performing mapping surveys:

(1) Aerial techniques (Photogrametric):

For large areas and small scale maps.

(2) Ground (field) techniques:

For small areas and large scale maps.

Often a combination of both method is employed

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Ground Technique to Produce a Detailed Map

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Aerial photograph of Niagra Falls area

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M Cl ifi i


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Map Classification

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Map Classification

M Cl ifi i


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Map Classification


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Map Scale

Map Scale is the ratio of the length of an

object or feature on a map to the truelength of the object or feature.

The term scale is used to indicate that

measuring units adopted will be equivalent inany direction. It is key to the production of anymap or plan that we maintain scale in all

directions, and do not distort the shape of thefeature in its representation.

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Map Scale and Accuracy

Large scale maps are used for mapping

limited areas and high accuracy.

Medium scale maps are used for mapping larger

areas and moderate accuracy.

Small scale maps are used for mapping large

areas where a lower accuracy will suffice.

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M T /S l V D t il /F t


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Map Type/Scale Versus Details/Features

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S


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Map Type/Scale Versus Details/Features

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Ways of Describing Scale


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Ways of Describing ScaleVerbal Scale: might be one centimeter to one kilometer. Such adescription is clear and concise, easily understood butperhaps difficult to apply.

Representative fraction scale(RF): shows the relationship betweenone of any unit on the map and the same units on the ground. RF isusually written like a mathematical proportion with a colon (as in1:25,000). In this example, one unit of any length(e.g. one mm) onthe map represents

25,000 of the same unit on the ground.Graphic scales: provides a direct measure of the distance over theground represented by the corresponding distance on the map.Graphic scales have a unique benefit they remain accurate even if

the map image is enlarged or reduced by a photocopy machine or incomputer.

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Graphical Scales


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Graphical Scales

Diagonal net Scale (1: 1000) with accuracy1 m

meters

Linear GraphicalScales

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Standard Drawing Sizes


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Standard Drawing Sizes

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Magnetic North (Magnetic Meridian)


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Magnetic North (Magnetic Meridian)

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Magnetic

North

G hi N th (A t i l M idi )


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Geographic North (Astronomical Meridian)

Geographic North

Northern Pole

Greenwich Line(Prime

Meridian))

OriginEquator

(Latitude 0)

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North Direction s


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North Direction sDirection of a line is the horizontal angle from a

reference line called the north direction(meridian).

There are four basic types of north directions:

1- Geographic (True) North:It is a tangent to themeridian passing by the point towards North Pole.

2- Magnetic North:It is the direction of the verticalplane shown by a freely suspended magnetic needle of

a compass. It changes from point to another and is

affected by any magnetic field.True North Magnetic North = Magnetic Declination

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North Directions (continued)

3- Grid North: As tangent to meridians are not parallel, then theNorth directions are not parallel. Use only one North for the whole surveyed area which

is the tangent to the mean meridian of the surveyedarea.

4- Arbitrary (assumed) meridian:An arbitrary chosenline with a direction value assigned by the observer.

Different North Directions


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Different North DirectionsMagnetic Declination

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N th Di ti S b l


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North Direction Symbols

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Symbols


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Plans


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Plans

The essential difference between maps and

plans is their use. As in an inventory, mapsportray the detail (for example, topography,surface features, boundaries, etc.) for whichthey were designed. Engineering- surveyingplans, on the other hand, not only show theexisting terrain (or other) conditions, but theycan also depicts proposed alterations (i.e.,

designs) to the existing landscape. Most plansare drawn to a large scale.

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Plans ( ti d)


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Plans (continued)

A plan is usually localized, and we are not

concerned with the location on the earth,but must still provide some means of

relocation or return. Typically, plans areprovided to support local development of aparcel or small area. Surveyors produce

them and architects scribble on them.Examples will follow shortly.

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Plans (continued)


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Plans (continued)

A Survey plan is normally produced at such ascale that the earth can be considered as flat.This means that scale is uniform across theplan. Details giving scale of the map, and its

orientation must still be provided. And, for thedirection the plan must indicate whether thisrelates to grid north or true north.

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Plan

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Thank You For Attention

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