lecture #2 research methods
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Lecture #2 Research Methods. Music: “Forever” Chris Brown “ Dangerous ” Akon. Today’s Agenda. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Lecture #2 Research Methods
Music: “Forever” Chris Brown
“Dangerous” Akon
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Today’s Agenda
• 1. Theoretical Perspectives in Psychology (p.11)– Application to the phenomenon of depression
• 2. Research Methods (Ch. 2):– a) Descriptive/correlational– b) Experimental
• 3. Improving Academic Performance (Ch. 1)– a) Time management– b) Study skills
• 4. Quiz Questions
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1. Theoretical Perspectives (6)
• 1) Biological: – How physiology affects thoughts and behavior
• 2) Cognitive:– How your mind (thoughts) influence behavior
• 3) Psychodynamic:– How the unconscious influences behavior
• 4) Behavioral:– How the environment shapes behavior
• 5) Humanistic:– Freedom of choice and actualization of the self as determinants of
behavior
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1. Theoretical Perspectives (cont’d)
• 6) Evolutionary:– How the behavior initially solved an adaptive
problem and increased chance of reproductive success
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1. Application to Depression• 1) Biological Vulnerability:
– Genetic vulnerability– Neurochemical imbalance in the brain
• 2) Cognitive Vulnerability:– Self-blame (attribution bias)– Dysfunctional beliefs
• 3) Psychodynamic View:– Overly harsh superego– Unresolved grief over early loss– Anger turned inward
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1. Theoretical Perspectives on Depression (cont’d)
• 4) Humanistic View: – Loss of meaning and purpose
– Failure to actualize yourself
• 5) Behavioral View:– Lowered social support
– Loss of rewards
• 6) Evolutionary View:– Disengagement is adaptive and promotes survival (e.g.
prevents pursuit of unrealistic goals)
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2. Research Methods a) Descriptive Designs
• Case studies: • Good for rare phenomena, or when other methods can’t be used
• Surveys– Validity issues:
• Wording (e.g. public poll)• sampling biases (e.g. Hite report) • social desirability (e.g. beer consumption)
• Correlational (r)– Describes the strength of the relationship between 2 variables
(r= -1.0 to +1.0)– Correlations enable prediction but say nothing about
causation
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2. a) Correlational data
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2.a) Correlations
• Third variable can account for a relationship
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2. b) Experimental Studies• Most powerful method to detect cause and effect
relationships• Independent Variable (“X”):
– What is manipulated; the “cause” or explanation for something
• Dependent Variable (“Y”) – The outcome (the something) affected by the manipulation – How does “X” affect “Y”?
• Control Group:– No manipulation, otherwise treated the same.– Differences between control and experimental groups allow
conclusions about the effect of “X” on “Y.”
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2. b) Experimental example
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3. Improving Your Academic
Performance• a) Time Management Skills:
– Written schedule with study blocks– Prioritize your goals
• Break down difficult tasks into small steps• Do the hardest task during your “best time”
– Note: Distributed learning is more effective than massed learning– Reward Yourself!
• After, not before
• b) Study Skills– Study Area:
• “Stimulus-response” theory• Combat distractions!
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3. b) Study Skills (cont’d)
• Reading:– SQ3R method:– Survey– Question– Read– Recite– Review
• Summary: For success in university:– 1) Attend your lectures– 2) Take good notes– 3) Keep up with weekly readings
• Time management & SQ3R
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4. Quiz Questions: (breathe in…. and out….)
• Consider the following research methods: – A) experimental study– B) case study– C) naturalistic observation– D) survey– E) correlational study
• What would be the most appropriate research method for the following hypotheses: – 1) Smoking is associated with reduced life expectancy – 2) Tranquilizers are prescribed more in times of economic crisis– 3) The repression of anger leads to depression– 4) Children in orphanages have lower IQ
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4. Quiz Questions (cont’d)
• 2) Which correlation coefficient would reflect the strongest relationship between 2 variables? – a) .20– b) .45– c) -.60– d) -.75– e) can’t tell based on the numerical value
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See you next week!