lecture 2 time and tense
TRANSCRIPT
8/3/2019 Lecture 2 Time and Tense
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Time and Tense II Time and Tense II
Present Perfect Simple and Present Perfect Continuous
Past Tense Simple and Past TenseContinuous
Past Perfect Simple and Past Perfect
ContinuousWays of Expressing Future
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Present Perfect SimplePresent Perfect SimpleFORM:
Aff: Sj + HAVE/HAS + Vb – Past Participle
Neg: Sj + HAVE/HAS + NOT + Vb-PastParticiple
Interr: HAVE/HAS + Sj + Vb-Past ParticipleUSE:
to express a recently completed action
e.g. I have just received a call from Head
Office.to express a past action, whose effect can
be seen in the present
e.g. Don't sit there! I've painted the bench
and it's still wet.
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to express an action that started in thepast, goes on in the present and can go on
in the future as well (+ FOR, SINCE)e.g. My grandfaher has worked in thisfactory for 40 years;I have known Susansince we were kids.
to make general statements about one'sexperience (things that were valid in thepast, are valid in the present and will
probably be valid in the future as well) +always, never, often, seldom, rarely,sometimes, most times, ever, etc..
e.g. I've always enjoyed a cup of Japanese
tea.
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Present Perfect ContinuousPresent Perfect Continuous
FORM:Aff. Sj + HAVE + BEEN + Vb – ing
Neg. Sj + HAVE + NOT + BEEN + Vb – ing
Interr. HAVE + Sj + BEEN + Vb-ing?USE:
- to express an action that started in thepast and is still in progress at the moment
of speaking (focus on continuity) (+ FOR,SINCE)
e.g. He has been writing memos for 2hours now.
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Present Perfect Simple vsPresent Perfect Simple vs
Present Perfect ContinuousPresent Perfect Continuous Translate:
Scriu scrisori de 3 ore si m-am plictisit.Studiez engleza de mai bine de 10 ani.
Prietena ei cea mai buna a obtinut o slujba
la Parlamentul European.Unchiul lui Petru lucreaza intelecomunicatii de 35 de ani.
Bunicul lui lucreaza in aceesi companie de
40 de ani: el a infiintat-o in 1971, si nu si-aluat niciodata concediu; a muncit zi sinoapte ca sa isi aduca si sa isi mentinafirma in top.
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Present Perfect Simple – a longer interval
of timePresent Perfect Continuous – a shorterinterval of time
! the latter can be used with a long time-frame when the emphasis is on continuity
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Past Tense SimplePast Tense SimpleFORM:
Aff: Sj + Vb-ed (regular verbs)/2nd form of irregular verbs
Neg: Sj + DID + NOT + Vb – inf
Interr: DID + Sj + Vb – inf USE:
to express an action that was completedin the past (+ last
year/season/month/quarter/week; in 1998,in the spring of 2003, a week/month/year..ago
e.g. We opened our new branch in theHague in 2005.
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- to narrate a history
e.g. Gabriel Resources was set up in 1995,in Toronto, to mine gold in the Rosia
Montana region. It signed a contract withthe Romanian state, which entitles it toown 80 % of the tons of gold lying under amountain. A local NGO and various
international environmentalists opposedthis new mining project and sued GabrielResources.
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to speak about dead persons
e.g. Senator Fulbright had a dream: to
provide opportunities for American andinternational students to travel and study,and thus act as cultural and scholarlyambassadors. He set up the Fulbright
scholarship scheme precisely for thispurpose.
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Present Perfect Simple vs PastPresent Perfect Simple vs Past
Tense Tense Translate:
1. Michael Jackson a sprijinit multe opere decaritate.
2. Bil Gates s-a implicat in numeroase proiectede dezvoltare.
3. - Ai fost vreodata in Asia?
- Da, am fost.
- Une anume te-ai dus?
- La Beijing.
4. - Vara trecuta ai fost la munte sau la mare?
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Past Tense – definite, specified timePresent Perfect – indefinite, non-specified time
Past Tense – in specific, WH- questions
Present Perfect – in general, yes/no questions
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Past Tense ContinuousPast Tense Continuous
FORM:
Aff: Sj + WAS/WERE + Vb-ing
Neg.: Sj + WAS/WERE + NOT + Vb-ing
Interr.: WAS/WERE + Sj + Vb-ing...?
USE:
• to express an action that was in progress at
a certain moment in the paste.g. What were you doing when the fire alarmwent out?
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• to express two parallel actions, in progress inthe past
e.g. He was washing up while she was studyingfor her final exam in Microeconomics.
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Past Perfect SimplePast Perfect Simple
FORM:
Aff.: Sj + HAD + Vb-Past Participle
Neg.: Sj + HAD + NOT + Vb-Past Participle
Interr: HAD + Sj + Vb-Past ParticipleUse: to express an action that took place in thepast, before another past action
Translate:
Pina cind sa-mi dea el cartea de vizita, aflasemdeja numarul lui din cartea de telefoane.
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By the time he gave me his business card, Ihad already found out his phone number
from the phone directory.
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Past Perfect ContinuousPast Perfect Continuous
FORM:Aff: Sj + HAD + BEEN + VB-ing
Neg.: Sj + HAD + NOT + BEEN + Vb-ing
Interr.: HAD + Sj + BEEN + Vb-ing...?
USE:- it expresses an action that had been inprogress for some time before anther action or aspecific moment in the past.
Translate:
Noi citeam cu atentie raportul de 30 de minutecind ne-am dat seama ca e cel de trimestrultrecut, nu de pe trimestrul in curs.
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We had been reading the report for 30 minuteswhen we realized that it was from last quarter,not from the current quarter.
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Ways of Expressing the FutureWays of Expressing the Future
Future Tense Simple
Future Tense Continuous
Future Perfect“Be Going To” Future
“Be about to”, “be on the verge/point of”
Present Tenses“Be to” Infinitive
Time Clauses
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Future Tense SimpleFuture Tense Simple
Form:
Affirm: Sj + SHALL/WILL + Vb-Inf
e.g. I'll see you tomorrow then!Neg: Sj + SHALL/WILL + NOT + Vb-Inf
e.g. I won't write any more messages if you don'tbother to respond.
Interr: Shall/Will + Sj + Vb-Inf?
e.g. Will you be in the office after 4?
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USEUSE
- an immediate decision about what one is goingto do
e.g. I'm quite thirsty. I'll just go and buy somewater.
- a general prediction
e.g. When inflation rises, unemployment willalso rise.
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Future Tense ContinuousFuture Tense Continuous
FORM:Affirm.: Sj + SHALL/WILL + BE + Vb-ing
e.g. I'll be reorganising my files in my officedesk at this time tomorrow.
Neg.: j + SHALL/WILL + NOT + Vb-ing
We won't be standing here waiting for him whenhe comes. We've had enough of waiting already.
Interr. : SHALL/WILL + Sj+BE+Vb-ingWill you be supporting me if I decide to apply fora scholarship in the US?
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USE:
- an action that will be in progress at a definitemoment in the future
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FUTURE PERFECTFUTURE PERFECT
FORM:
Affirm.: Sj + SHALL/WILL + HAVE + Vb – PastParticiple
Neg. Sj+SHALL/WILL+NOT+HAVE+Vb-Participle
Interr: SHALL/WILL + Sj+ HAVE+Vb-PastParticiple?
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e.g. By the time we launch the product onthe Chinese market, we will have doneseveral market surveys and improvements on
the initial product prototype.I won't have finished the book before the
deadline because I have lent it to Paul and hehasn't returned it yet.
Will you have prepared everything for ourcolleague's party by the time he gets to theoffice?
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““be going to” Futurebe going to” Future
- a personal intention
e.g. We are going to have a break in a few
minutes.
- a prediction based on obvious, witnessed facts
e.g. Look at all these clouds! It's going to rainsoon.
“ b b hB b t t ” “b th
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““Be about to”, “be on the vergeBe about to”, “be on the vergeof,” “be on the point of”of,” “be on the point of”
- to express an immediate action, in the very
near future
e.g. Sorry, I can't answer you right now. I'mabout to leave.
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Present Tense SimplePresent Tense Simple
- to express a future action that takes place
according to an official, unalterable schedulee.g. The bus leaves in 5 minutes.
The President visits Korea at the end of themonth.
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Present Tense ContinuosPresent Tense Continuos
- to express a personal plan or arrangement,
that can be changed
e.g. I'm applying for 5 more jobs in advertising,so I need to redo my CV and prepare for
interviews.
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BE TO InfinitiveBE TO Infinitive
- to express an official arrangement or order
e.g. You are to report to the police every weekwhile your case is being investigated.
Our company is to be given an award for goodpractices in Marketing.
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Time Clauses Time Clauses
In Time Clauses Future is neverused in English
e.g. I’ll give him your regards when
we next meet, on Tuesdaymorning.
I’ll send you the report after I’ve
proofread it myself. Time clauses are introduced by:
when, after, as soon as, before,
while, by the time, whenever, etc