lecture 2011.02: key terms and concepts (digital sustainability)
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Digital Sustainabilityin the Knowledge Society
Key Terms & Concepts
Dr. Marcus M. DappBoard OKF Germany / IT Strategist, City Government Munich
03.10.2011
Think!
• What is the difference between:• Possession (Besitz) and• Property (Eigentum)?
• Why do we have the concept of »property«?
• Effort (John Locke, 1600s)• Scarcity (William Blackstone,1700s)
Possession vs. Property
• »No laws«• Ownership• Possession• Innehabung• Besitz
• »With law«• Property• Confiscation• Eigentum• Enteignung
Property
• Legal construct: The right to own• Defined & protected by state• Types
• Land: Real property• Nonland: Personal property• Nonphysical: »Intellectual property«
• Is this really a type of »property«?
Roman and Germanic property concepts
• »Dominium«• Usus• Usus fructus• Abusus
• Modify, destroy• Transfer, sell to
others
• »Patrimonium«• Usus• Usus fructus• (!)
• Forestry: Sustainability
What about »knowledge« as property?
• Who?• Private property• Common
property• Public property• Privateigentum• Allmendeigentum• Gemeineigentum
• What & How?• Knowledge,
ideas• Contained in
artifacts, stored in facilities...
Knowledge needs a tangible medium
Source: Elinor Ostrom, Ideas, Artifacts, and Facilities: Information asa commonpool resource, Law and Contemporary Problems, 2003.
Received as the first woman, the Nobel prize for Economics in 2009.
»Public Domain«
• »range of abstract materials which are not owned or controlled by anyone.« (WP)
• For anyone• Unlimited access• Use without restriction
• Basis of cultural heritage• Music, literature
Initiatives around »Digital Public Domain«
• Volunteers digitizing cultural works• Expired © in all countries needed
• www.gutenberg.org • Sep08: 25k, Sep09: 30k, Oct10: 33k
• www.cpdl.org• Sep08: 9,7k, Sep09: 10,7k, Oct10: 12k
• www.mutopiaproject.org • Sep08: 1460, Sep09: 1600, Oct10: 1672
• Finite public good a community has rights to
• Collective managementand possession
• Responsible use• Active contribution
• Appropriation, »enclosure«• Transfer to individual ownership
»Commons«
»The Tragedy of the Commons«
• Resource is eventually overused• Multiple owners
• Everyone: privilege to use resource• No one: right to exclude others
• »When too many owners have such privileges of use, the resource is prone to overuse.» (Heller)
• Can you think of examples..?
Heller, M. A., The Tragedy of the Anticommons, Harvard Law Review, January 1998.Original term »Tragedy of the commons« is by Garrett Hardin (WP)
Tragedy of the Commons – Examples
• overlogging forests on public lands • overintensive use of public parks• overfishing the high seas
Tragedy of the Commons
Privileges of inclusion dominate
oil
Regie:5+1
land
water, fish
»The tragedy is that rational individuals, acting separately, may collectively overconsume scarce resources. Each finds that she benefits by consumptioneven though she imposes larger costs on thecommunity.« (Heller)
»The tragedy is that rational individuals, acting separately, may collectively overconsume scarce resources. Each finds that she benefits by consumptioneven though she imposes larger costs on thecommunity.« (Heller)
Tragedy of the Commons – The simple solution™
»Tragedy of the Anticommons«
• Resource is eventually underused• Multiple owners
• Everyone: right to exclude others• No one: privilege of (exclusive) use
• »When there are too many owners holding rights of exclusion, the resource is prone to underuse.» (Heller)
• Can you think of examples..?
Heller, M. A., The Tragedy of the Anticommons, Harvard Law Review, January 1998.ideas.repec.org/p/wdi/papers/199740.html
Tragedy of the Anticommons – Examples
• Software patents• Media clips
http://mashable.com/2009/01/14/youtube-mutes-videos/
Tragedy of Anticommons
Rights of exclusion dominate
»sortingfunctions«
Regie: 5+1
»encryptionfunctions«
»audiofunctions«
»The tragedy is that rational individuals, acting separately, may collectively wastethe resource by underusing it comparedwith a social optimum.« (Heller)
»The tragedy is that rational individuals, acting separately, may collectively wastethe resource by underusing it comparedwith a social optimum.« (Heller)
Release Property into the Commons
• = Opposite of «enclosure»• Digital examples
• »Free/open source software«• »Open Data«• »Open Spectrum«
• One case study from software world...
Mosaic Netscape – The Early Days
• The business model• Browse for free, sell server software
• The company• 04/94 Mosaic Corp, Marc Andreessen• 10/94 Browser Mosaic Netscape 0.9• 11/94 Name switch to «Netscape» • 08/95 Historic IPO, start of Internet Hype• Netscape browser defacto standard• (08/95 IE 1.0)
«Browser wars of the 90s» – David vs. Goliath
• Success = attention of Microsoft• Strategy: use market power to stop rival• Bundle IE with Windows, use monopoly
• Browser Wars• «This Site is best viewed in ...» (HTML?)• Marketing > Technology• Instabilities, incompatibilities, bugs, etc.• Headache for customers
Browser wars – Consequences
• Netscape died• Sold 1998 to AOL for $4.2bln
• Microsoft got sued• Antitrust, monopoly status
• IE market exploded• Peak at ~96% of all PCs• Competition ceased• Innovation ceased? (IE6 to IE7: 5 years)
Browser wars – Analysis
• Market pressure?• Win the market vs. satisfy consumer• Featurebloat vs. bugfixing
• Obey standards or not?• IE lacked compliance with web
standards & had proprietary extensions• Web designer (had to) stick to IE,
sacrificed web standards
So, what happened to the Netscapce browser..?
• Netscape made code ‚open source‘• 02/98 www.mozilla.org
• »nothing« happened for 4 years• 06/02 Mozilla 1.0 released• 07/03 AOL closes Netscape, helps fund
Mozilla Foundation• deal with MS to include IE in AOL for 7yrs
Strategy: »Unleashing the beast«
wikipedia.org, www.holgermetzger.de/Netscape_History.html
Mozilla 1.0 Release party...
»running source code«»dancing programmers«
• First time in history that a company publicly releases software this way
... and today?
• Growing download numbers• Success, but maybe not financially• Split of Mozilla in 2 parts (04/03)
• FireFox browser• Marketing Hype v1.0 (11/04)• Platform strategy allows competition
• Thunderbird email client
• AOL recommends FireFox family
about:mozilla
Browser Wars II – What is different this time?
• »Goliath has no David to fight against«
• Competition on different grounds• Rules of the Game changed• All that by
• Releasing digital property into the commons
Let's have a break...
Fragen zu Gruppen/Themen behandeln wir in der zweiten Stunde...