lecture 2011.03a: fundamentals of intellectual property (digital sustainability)

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Digital Sustainability in the Knowledge Society Fundamentals of »Intellectual Property (IP)« Dr. Marcus M. Dapp Board OKF Germany / IT Strategist, City Government Munich 10.10.2011

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Page 1: Lecture 2011.03A: Fundamentals of Intellectual Property (Digital Sustainability)

Digital Sustainabilityin the Knowledge Society 

Fundamentals of »Intellectual Property (IP)«

Dr. Marcus M. DappBoard OKF Germany / IT Strategist, City Government Munich

10.10.2011

Page 2: Lecture 2011.03A: Fundamentals of Intellectual Property (Digital Sustainability)

   

Problem with knowledge as a public good

• Non­excludable• difficult to exclude people from access

• Non­rival• Used not consumed

• Problem• No incentive

to create?!

By avatar-1 (Flickr CC-BY-SA)

Page 3: Lecture 2011.03A: Fundamentals of Intellectual Property (Digital Sustainability)

   

Solution: »Intellectual Property (IP, IPR)«

• = time­limited exclusive rights, granted to author/inventor

• Exclusive right• To exploit invention/work• To control production/distribution

• Time­limited• Rights expire after some time

• Exclusive right = monopoly status

Page 4: Lecture 2011.03A: Fundamentals of Intellectual Property (Digital Sustainability)

   

What's a monopoly?

By Mike_fleming(Flickr, CC-BY)

Page 5: Lecture 2011.03A: Fundamentals of Intellectual Property (Digital Sustainability)

   

Monopoly?

• Only one provider of a product/service• Greek: monos = one, polein = to sell

• Characteristics• No economic competition• No product substitution• High barriers for new market players

• Examples?

Page 6: Lecture 2011.03A: Fundamentals of Intellectual Property (Digital Sustainability)

   

»Intellectual Property« wants to solve 2 problems

• Incentive problem• Now/instant• Give exclusive rights on creation

• Monopoly problem• Later• Let excl. rights expire after ‘some time’

• Both create new problems...• How many rights?• How long?

Page 7: Lecture 2011.03A: Fundamentals of Intellectual Property (Digital Sustainability)

   

»Framing« the IP debate: Words promote intentions

• »Property« or »Rights«?• »Property« advocates promote that 

protection should provide rights akin to physical property.

• »Right« advocates promote that protection should provide rights in temporary, limited form.

• Who uses which terms? Why?• e.g., »piracy«, »unauthorized copy«, ...

WP(en): Intellectual rights (25.11.05)

Page 8: Lecture 2011.03A: Fundamentals of Intellectual Property (Digital Sustainability)

   

»Intellectual Property« needs balance

• Balance of public and private interests• Balance of efficiency

• Dynamic (over time)• Static (in space)

• Analysis• Legal: utilitarism• Economic: incentive+allocative function

Page 9: Lecture 2011.03A: Fundamentals of Intellectual Property (Digital Sustainability)

   

Balance private and public interests

• Creation• Private/Individual 

benefit• Foster investment 

in R&D• »Dynamic 

efficiency«

• Diffusion• Public benefit/ 

social welfare• Optimal resource 

allocation• »Static efficiency«

Page 10: Lecture 2011.03A: Fundamentals of Intellectual Property (Digital Sustainability)

   

Dynamic Efficiency: Protection over time

Monopoly Rights

time

rationing of consumption,loss for public

free accessgain for public

optimal duration?

0 ∞

non-rivalpublic benefit

non-exclusiveprivate benefit

»future«

Public DomainPD

exclusive rights to individualto commercially exploit

»may prevent innovations«loss of royalties

Who invests, gets the rights.

Page 11: Lecture 2011.03A: Fundamentals of Intellectual Property (Digital Sustainability)

   

exclusiveprotection

PDusable collectively, free of charge

Crossing the »fence«- get exclusive rights- expiration of rights

Static Efficiency: Protection in space 

Boundaries of IP- Unclear for inventions- Clear for creations

Who pays, gets the rights.

Page 12: Lecture 2011.03A: Fundamentals of Intellectual Property (Digital Sustainability)

   

Legal Analysis of »IP«

• Why risk monopolies?• Society wants/needs technical 

progress/arts » utilitarism• Assumption: »nobody invents/creates 

without incentives«

• Aim• Balance private benefit & public benefit• Deal between society and individual

Page 13: Lecture 2011.03A: Fundamentals of Intellectual Property (Digital Sustainability)

   

Economic analysis of »IP«

• Incentive function• To counter public good nature• Balance dynamic and static efficiency

• Allocative function• Efficiency (transaction costs)• Marketability

• »Who values them most, gets them«

Page 14: Lecture 2011.03A: Fundamentals of Intellectual Property (Digital Sustainability)

   

Example: US constitution, section 8, clause 8

• »Congress shall have Power ... to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries;«

• Think about it:• Congress does not have to.• Are there alternative ways?

Page 15: Lecture 2011.03A: Fundamentals of Intellectual Property (Digital Sustainability)

   

Possible alternatives to »IP«

• Aim• Let new knowledge for society be 

created

• Situation• Knowledge is Non­rival & hard to 

exclude

• Question• How to foster its creation without using 

the concept of »IP«?Interaction

Page 16: Lecture 2011.03A: Fundamentals of Intellectual Property (Digital Sustainability)

   

Alternative solutions to »IP«

• Subsidies or prizes (awards)• By government, how to finance them?

• »culture flat rate«• Paid by all, used by all. Fairness?

• Trade secrets• Hide discoveries, erect physical barriers• How useful is non­diffusion for society?

Page 17: Lecture 2011.03A: Fundamentals of Intellectual Property (Digital Sustainability)

   

Literature on »IP« (freely available)

• Lévêque & Ménière, The Economics of Patents and Copyright

• www.cerna.ensmp.fr/PrimerForFree.htm

• Y. Benkler, Coase’s Penguin, or Linux and the Nature of the Firm

• www.benkler.org/CoasesPenguin.html

• P. Menell, Intellectual Property: General Theories (Encyclopedia of Law & Economics)

• users.ugent.be/~gdegeest/tablebib.htm 

• W. Fisher, Theories of Intellectual Property• cyber.law.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/iptheory.pdf